LEA Test 2

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What is the difference between a rabbit and a hare?: Hares are born ready to run, fully furred. Rabbits are dependent on parents for 1st 3 weeks.
What are rabbits used for commercially?: Meat and fur.
What are rabbits used for in research?: Cosmetics(?), immunology, drugs, orthopedics, models for TSS.
Average weight of a rabbit?: 2-18 lbs
When do rabbits molt?: The fall.
What and where are the rabbits incisors called?: Upper -they have 2 front teeth and 2 peg teeth, lower -they have 2 front teeth.
When do a rabbits teeth need to be trimmed?: Only if they're maloccluded.
What are night stools commonly called and what are they?: "Cecal stools". They are ingested directly from the anus and are soft. *if you see them they may not be feeling well.
What species are rabbits?: Lagomorphs - because of their 2 front peg teeth.
How can you hold a rabbit?: Football hold, scruff hold & support rump or abdomen, bunny burrito.
How do you place a rabbit back in their cage?: Hind end first.
What do you feed a rabbit?: High fiber rabbit pellets, fresh greens, free choice grass hay, small amounts of fresh fruits.
What type of greens should be avoided for rabbits?: Light colored - iceberg lettuce and alfalpha.
What types of food should be avoided for rabbits?: High starch foods: crackers, oats, corn & wheat.
What type of estrus cycle do rabbits have?: Said not to have one. They are induced ovulators. Ovulation occurs after copulation.
What are some signs of rabbit estrus?: Red, swollen vulva, hop around - rub their chins on everything (scent gland there).
How do you sex a rabbit?: Males:expose penis & see a round opening. Females:when exposed they have a slit, not a round opening.
What are male/female/baby rabbits called?: Buck/doe/kits.
What can occur with an intact female rabbit?: Uterine cancer.
What is rabbit parturition called?: Kindling.
What is unusual about rabbit parturition?: Babies can be born up to 3 dyas apart, usually with no complications.
Characteristics of rabbits post-parturition.: Young are born hairless, eyes & ears closed. Doe has no retrieving instinct. Don't disturb. Does nurse 5-10 mns, 2Xs a day.
How often does a doe nurse?: 5-10 mns. 2 times a day.
What are some signs of rabbits dystocia?: Straining with no babies produced, anorexia, fever, smelly bloody discharge.
What can cause pseudopregnancy?: Infertile matings can induce ovulation. Generally lasts 15-17 days and may pull fur from their dewlap for 10-14 days.
Where can you bleed a rabbit?: Marginal ear vein, central ear artery (auricular artery), jugular, cephalic, lateral saphenous, vena cava.
Where is the marginal ear vein located?: Caudal exterior portion of the pinna.
How do you collect blood from the marginal ear vein?: Occlude vein at base of ear, use 25-22ga needle (very superficial, don't go thru pinna), collect blood from needle hub w/hematocrit tube.
Where is the central ear artery located?: On the exterior surface of the pinna - runs along the center or just off center of the pinna.
How do you collect blood from the central ear artery?: Don't occlude vessel! Use butterfly catheter & drip into a tube. Hold off for 30-40 sec & monitor for another mn.
Drug administration sites for a rabbit.: IM (lumbar, quad), SQ, IV (cephalic, saphenous), intraosseus, oral, nasogastric tube.
Do you withhold food before anesthesia for rabbits?: Yes, 2-4 hours before.
Why should you house rabbits in a cooler environment (68*)?: They can get heatstroke. Provide shade and water if housed outdoors.
Signs of malocclusion in rabbits?: Difficulty chewing food, anorexia (check for droppings).
What is one of the most common diseases of rabbits?: Enteritis.
What are signs of enteritis?: Anorexia, soft-diarrhea type stools.
Treatment for enteritis.: Hi-fiber foods, fluids, motolity stimulating drugs, stress reduction.
Why do rabbits get hairballs?: Their pyloris is to small to pass them and they are unable to throw up.
What can you do to avoid hairballs?: Keep them on a high fiber diet.
What internal parasites can rabbits get?: Coccidia, pinworms.
Should you clean a rabbits ears?: No, their eardrums are extremely friable.
What external parasites do rabbits get?: Ear mites, fleas, cheylitella, cuterebra warbles.
What external rabbit parasite is zoonotic?: Cheylitella.
How do you treat ear mites?: Ivermectin injection, topical application, flea powder in ears, clean environment.
How do you treat cheylitella?: Ivermectin injections, flea powder, treat environment! It's zoonotic!
How do you treat cuterebra warbles?: Surgically remove the larva and supportive therapy. Larva penetrates rabbits subcutaneous space and grows.
What causes rabbit syphilis (vent disease)?: It's a contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete Treponema paralunis-cuniculi.
What does pasteurellosis cause in rabbits?: Abscesses and snuffles.
How do you treat abscesses?: Drain & flush, systemic antibiotics, isolate animal.
How do rabbits contract snuffles?: Fomites, direct contact, aerosol.
Signs of snuffles.: Nasal discharge, sneezing, rhinitis/sinusitis, conjunctivitis, rattles on auscultation.
What is otitis media in rabbits?: A purulent exudate present deep in the ear canal.
Signs of otitis media.: Asymptomatic, rhinitis, scratching at ears. If spread to innter ear-ataxia, nystagmus.
What is nystagmus?: Eye twitching.
What is the color of normal rabbit urine?: Clear to brown.
What are signs of bladder stones in rabbits.: Depression, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, hematuria, straining, urine scale.
What can be a cause of bladder stones?: Too much alfalfa hay - too much calcium.
What other animals are included in the ferret family?: Weasels, mink, badgers & skunk.
Are ferrets considered domestic animals in the US?: No.
What were ferrets used for in the past?: Hunters.
What are ferrets used for in research?: Toxicology and infectious disease studies.
What's the average weight of a ferret?: Male:400-500 grams
Female:400-600 grams
How long do ferrets live?: US:4-8yrs. Great Britian:12yrs.
What's unusual about a ferrets claws?: They are not retractable. They are used for traction and digging.
Where does the ferrets smell come from?: The sebaceous secretion of the skin-it's why descenting doesn't work.
What part of the GI tract is a ferret missing?: The cecum.
When do ferrets molt?: In the spring and fall.
Do ferrets have good eyesight?: No, they rely on hearing & their sense of smell. They are only aware of rapid movements.
When do ferrets get their true colors?: At 3 weeks. They can be albino, sable or fitch.
Can ferrets be litterbox trained?: Yes, but have multiple ones-they have a short GI time (3-4hours).
What can you do to "ferret-proof" a house?: Block off all holes, cover the underside of furniture, avoid access to foreign objects.
Should you house a ferret next to other rodents?: No, their smell can cause panic.
How often should you bathe a ferret?: Not very often (no more than once a month), it can strip essential oil from the skin and cause pruritis.
Should you feed ferrets sugary food?: No, but they love it.
What do you need to supplement a ferrets diet with?: Hairball remedy 1-2mls every 2-4 days for nutrition, not hairballs.
How do restrain a ferret?: Scruff & suspend in air, distraction. Do not use leather gloves, can't feel well.
What should be done 1st in a ferrets physical?: Take their temp.
How often should a ferret get a physical?: Annually until 4yrs, then twice a year.
What vaccines should you give ferrets?: Distemper every 3-4 wks until 14 mths, then yearly and rabies at 3 mths, then annually.
When do ferrets hit puberty?: At 4-8 mths.
What type of estrous cycles do ferrets have?: They are seasonally polyestrus (March-Aug.) & are induced ovulators.
What are male/female/baby ferrets called?: Hob/Jill/Kits.
How do you bleed a ferret?: Often need sedation to do. Lateral saphenous, cephalic veins, jugular veins, anterior vena cava.
When should you neuter/spay a ferret?: By 4-6 months, some do it as early as 6-8 weeks.
How do you descent a ferret?: Remove their anal glands, usually at 5-6 weeks. Doesn't truly descent them!
Should you withhold food before putting a ferret under anesthesia?: Yes, for 4 hours before - but no more than 6 hours.
What are some signs of canine distemper in ferrets?: Upper respiratory infection, lesions around mouth & chin, seizures, anorexia, depression & death.
How is canine distemper (ferrets) transmitted?: Aerosol, direct contact (nasal/conjunctival exudates, urine, feces, skin, fomites).
What are some signs of human influenza in ferrets?: Sneezing, watery eye, nasal discharge, lethargy, anorexia &enteritis.
How is human influenza (ferrets) transmitted?: Aerosol. Owner to ferret, ferret to ferret & ferret to owner.
Is human influenza zoonotic?: Yes
What disease are ferrets used to test for?: Human influenza
What external parasites affect ferrets?: Ear mites, sarcoptic mange and fleas.
What fungal disease do ferrets get?: Ringworm
Is heartworm a problem for ferrets?: Yes, one heartworm can kill a ferret - they are so small.
Signs of heartworm in a ferret.: Lethargy, coughing, dyspnea, ascites.
What 5 factors can predispose ferrets to cancer?: Genetic influences, early neutering (?), natural photoperiod not obtained, diet, & infectious agents.
What does a benign tumor look like?: It's usually a ball, more contained.
What does a malignant tumor look like?: "Fingers", they move out to other parts.
What can lymphoma affect in a ferret?: Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, bone, kidney, intestine & skin.
What are some signs of a mast cell tumor in a ferret?: Usually involve the skin-raised/hairless tumors, usually unpigmented, ulcerartion may occur.
How do you treat ferret lymphoma?: Chemotherapy- prognosis is guarded.
How do you treat ferret mast cell tumors?: Surgically remove.
What is hyperestrogenism in ferrets?: An increase in estrogen levels, which leads to anemia &/or panleukopenia. Due to continual heat (estrus).
What area some signs of ferret hyperestrogenism?: Bilateral alopecia, swollen vulva, weakness, anorexia, depression & pale mucous membranes.
What is hyperadrenocortism?: It's caused by cortisol secreted from an adrenal gland tumor.
What are some signs of ferret hyperadrenocortism?: Spayed female (4+), seasonally bilateral alopecia, enlarged vulva, +- vulvar dicharge, anemia, occasional pruritis.
How do you treat hyperadrenocortism?: Surgical remove tumor.
What is insulinoma in ferrets?: Pancreatic tumors screte insulin, which leads to hypoglycemia.
What are some signs of insulinoma in ferrets?: Weakness/collapse, depression, paralysis of hind limbs, +- weightloss. They look drunk.
What are chinchillas used for in research?: Auditory studies. They are large ears with large bullae allowing access to middle ear. Hearing sensitivity is similar to humans.
Where do chinchillas come from?: The Andes Mountains in South America.
What is unusual about chinchillas' teeth?: Their incisors grow 2-3 inches a year.
What are some characteristics of a chinchilla?: Quiet & shy, agile, usually active during the day, odorless, copraphagic.
How do you restrain a chinchilla?: Anticipate jumping, scruff & hold under abdomen, tuck head under arm, use a towel. Don't grab a running chinchilla-can pull off hair.
What is "fur-slip"?: When patches of hair and skin slip off the animal.
What makes chinchilla pellets different from rabbit and guinea pigs?: It is longer, easier for them to hold in their forepaws.
What should be offered to chinchillas to help wear down their teeth?: Pumice stone, small tree branches.
What should a chinchillas housing consist of?: Multi-levels, PVS pipes, hide box. Should be made of wire, may chew through wood cage.
What environment do chinchillas like?: Less than 50% humidity, temp between 50-68*F. Over 80* can cause heat stroke.
What is a dust bath?: Made of ash to remove dirt and oil from coat.
How do you give a chinchilla a dust bath?: Put in small pan, leave in cage ~1hr, they will roll around in it.
How do you sex a chinchilla?: Anogenital distance is further in males. Females have large urinary papilla (clitoris). Females larger.
What are chinchilla newborns like?: Precocious, eyes & ears open at birth, fully furred w/ teeth, walk w/in 1hr after birth, solid w/in 1wk.
Is is easy to bleed a chinchilla?: No.
Where can you obtain blood from a chinchilla?: Nail clip (sm.amt.), cardiac (terminal), jugular, cephalic, saphenous, vena cava, femoral (blind stick).
Do you need to fast chinchillas before anesthesia?: No.
What can cause conjunctivitis?: Excessive dust bathing, poor husbandry, contaminated water.
How do you treat conjunctivitis?: Restrict dust bath to 15-30mn/day, change type of dust bath, protective ophthalmis ointment.
What internal parasites can affect chinchillas?: Cryptosporidium, giardia.
What causes constipation in chinchillas?: Diet high in protein w/out adequate roughage, obesity, intestinal obstruction.
What can you do to treat constipation in chinchillas?: Increase amt of fiber in diet-gradual addition of fruits & veg, decrease amt of grains or raisin.
What's the most common reason for a chinchilla to visit a vet?: Constipation.
What causes chinchilla diarrhea?: Inappropriate feeding (over-feeding of fresh grains, poor quality hay, sudden change in diet), stress, bacterial or parasitic infection.
What does small bowel diarrhea look like?: Large amounts, less frequent and a bad odor.
What does large bowel diarrhea look like?: Smaller amounts, more frequent, may contain mucous or frank blood.
What is fur-ring?: Ring of hair around penis & prepuce that eventually stops the penis from retracting into the prepuce.
What can fur-ring cause?: Pain, urethral constriction, urine retention, infection, severe damage to penis.
What are some signs of fur-ring?: Excessive grooming, produce small frequent amount of urine, straining to urinate.
How do you treat fur-ring?: Anesthesia, apply sterile lubricant to area, cut & rool fur-ring off penis.
What temp can cause heatstroke in a chinchilla?: Ove 80*, especially is humidity levels are high.
What are some signs of heatstroke in chinchills?: Bright pink or red ears & mucous membranes, rectal temp greater than 103*F.
How do you treat heatstroke?: Immerse in tepid baths, IV fluids. Avoid putting cages in sunny windows or radiator.

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