mcb2010c 2
Terms
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- a bacteria without a cell wall
- protoplast
- a population of cells which arise from a single cell
- colony
- a small circular piece of DNA
- plasmid
- a substance that inhibits or kills microbes on animal tissues
- antiseptic
- allows for motility of bacteria
-
flagella
singular: flagellum - an agent that kills microbes
-
germicide
-cide means to kill - are obligate, intracellular parasites that infect all organisms
- viruses
- are the same as flagella but much smaller and usually all around the cell
- cilia
- average generation time for tuberculosis
- 3 days to 6 weeks
- average generation time for bacteria
-
20 minutes
varies from 10 minutes to 3 days - can be made of DNA or RNA, but never both
- viral nucleic acid
- can be used interchangeable with disinfection
- decontamination
- phase where the number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed; cells die logarithmically
- death phase
- condition at which the species grows best
- optimal condition
- contain storage forms of food
- granules
- how was the discovery of viruses found
- through filtration
- do bacteria have cilli
- no
- do viruses have metabolism
- no
- do viruses ingest food or excrete waste
- no
- do viruses reproduce and are they susceptible to mutation
- yes
- phase where bacteria multiply at the fastest rate possible under the conditions provided
- log phase
- found in tears, mucous, and wbc's and also destroys the cell wall of bacteria
- lysozyme
- function is to transfer DNA
-
pili
singular: pilus - types of media for culturing
-
gelatin-Koch
agar-Hesse - good for media that cannot be boiled or autoclaved
- filtration
- help the virus attach to the bacterial cell wall
- tail and tail fibers
- how many chromosomes do bacteria have
- 1
- inhibits growth of bacterial without killing them
- bacteriostatic
- killing bacteria
- bactericidal
- the process of killing pathogenic microbes on or in a material without necessarily sterilizing it. implies to inanimate objects(fomites)
- disinfection
- kills bacteria by not allowing the cell wall to grow and prohibits cell division
- penicillin
- 3 types of myxoviruses
-
influenza
measles
mumps - phase which has little or no cell division, but metabolic activity is high
- lag phase
- a gelatinous covering; slime layer
- capsule
- refers to all the fluid substances enclosed in the cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- the process of removing an object or substance free of all viable microbes
- sterilization
- removing or inactivating pathogenic microbes and their toxic products
- decontamination
- site of antibiotic activity
- cell wall
- the orderly increase in the quantity of all components of the bacterial cell
- growth
- the site of ATP production
- mitochondria
- the site of protein synthesis
- ribosomes
- the time required for a cell to divide and its population to double
- generation time
- phase where there is an equillibrium between cell division and death
- stationary phase
- name for viruses without an envelope
- naked
- a complex, semirigid structure responsible fo the shape of the cell
- cell wall
- instrument used to determined turbidity by measuring the amount of light that passes through a suspension of cells
- spectrophotometer
- to be living
- viable
- 2 ways to isolate a single colony
-
streak plate method
pour plate method - the process of freezing and drawing out all water
- lyophilization (freeze-drying)
- freezing temp
- 0 degrees C
- freezer temp
- -20 degrees C
- human body temp
- 37 degrees C
- boiling temp
- 100 degrees C
- meaning of -philes
- to love
-
cold-loving microbes
-5 to 20 degrees C - psychrophiles
-
moderate-temperature-loving microbes
20 to 50 degrees C - mesophiles
-
heat-loving microbes
50 to 90 degrees C - thermophiles
- optimal pH
- 7 (5-8)
- the overall concentration inside and outside the cell is the same
- isotonic solution
- feeders on others that require an organic carbon source
- heterotrophs
- self-feeders that use CO2
- autotrophs
- 5 mineral requirements
- N,S,P,Na,K
- a type of respiration which does not use oxygen and may even be killed by it
- anaerobe
- organisms that require oxygen to live
- obligate aerobes
- organisms that utilize oxygen if available but if not, can utilize something else
- facultative anaerobes
- organisms that require small amounts of oxygen (2-10%)
- microaerophiles
- are pathogenic to all organisms
- viruses
- arrangement with a single polar flagellum
- monotrichous
- arrangement with a tuft of flagella at both ends of the cell
- amphitrichous
- name which describes bacteria which produce capsules
- antiphagocytic
- a special resistant, dormant structure formed within a cell that protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions
- endospore
- arrangement with two or more flagella at one pole of the cell
-
lophotrichous
instructor calls it a ponytail - arrangement where the flagella is distributed over the entire cell
- peritrichous
- all populations in a habitat
- community
- all organisms together with their abiotic environment
- ecosystem
- the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment
- ecology
- the role an organism plays in the community
- ecological niche
- also known as producers
- plants
- also known as consumers
- animals
- also known as decomposers
- bacteria
- a culture media that involves growth of obligate anaerobes
- reducing culture
- a culture media that involves suppression of unwanted microbes; encouraging desired microbes
- selective media
- a culture media that makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate
- differential media
- usually liquid and provides nutrients and environment conditions that favor the growth of a particular microbe but not others
- enrichment culture
- reproduction where bacteria form a small initial outgrowth that enlarges until its size approaches that of the parent cell, and then it separates
- budding
- any material prepared for the growth of bacteria in a lab
- culture medium
- microbes that grow and multiply in or on a culture medium of bacterial
- culture
- media in which the exact chemical composition is known
- chemically defined media
- media in which the exact chemical composition varies slightly from batch to batch
- complex media
- media used to distinguish among different organisms
- differential media
- normal reproductive method in which a single cell divides into two identical cells
- binary fission
- reproduction by aerial spore formation or fragmentation
- budding
- the ability of an organism to move by itself
- motility
- destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm
- lysis
- a gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell
- spheroplast
- the double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in an eukaryotic cell
- nuclear envelope
- a virus that infects bacterial cells
- phage
- a protein subunit of a viral capsid
- capsomere
- a complete, fully developed viral particle
- virion
- a granule that stores inorganic phosphate and stains red with certain blue dyes
- metachromatic granule
- a small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome
- plasmid
- represents a reserve of inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP
- volutin
- an extension of an eukaryotic cell that aids in locomation and feeding
- pseudopod
- the protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid
- capsid
- an organic catalyst
- enzyme
- a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (outside cell) than an isotonic solution
- hypertonic solution
- a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes (outside the cell) than an isotonic solution
- hypotonic solution
- the transfer of a chemical group from one molecule to another; transamination
- group transference
- organic molecules; usually a vitamin
- coenzyme
- a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released
- dehydration synthesis
- the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell
- metabolism
- the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones; utilization of ATP to make things for the cell
- anabolism
- the breakdown of food for energy; glucose to ATP
- catabolism
- an enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a cofactor
- holoenzyme
- the removal of hydrogen or electrons
-
oxidation
oxidase - the addition of hydrogen or electrons
-
reduction
reductase - the removal of CO2 from a carboxyl, -COOH , group
-
decarboxylation
decaboxylase - the addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule
- phosphorylation
- the protein portion of an enzyme
- apoenzyme
- the removal of an amino group, -NH2 , from an amino acid to form ammonia
- deamination
- criteria used to determine the causative agent of infectious diseases
- Koch's postulates
- the process of endospore formation within a vegetative (parent) cell
- sporulation or sporogenesis
- process when cellular projections called pseudopods engulf particles and bring them into the cell
- phagocytosis
- is usually spherical or oval, is frequently the largest structure in the cell and contains almost all the cell's hereditary information (DNA)
- nucleus
- what are the three types of inhibition on enzymes
-
competitive
feedback
repressible - controlled inhibition within the cell; excess product ties up the enzyme leading to its production and no one else
- feedback inhibition
- inhibitor where the substance looks like the substrate
- competitive inhibitor
- type of respiration which uses oxygen
- aerobe
- meaning of photo-
- light
- meaning of -synthesis
- the assembly of organic compounds
- a complex polysaccharide derived from a marine alga and has long been used in foods like jellies and ice cream
- agar
- shallow dishes with a lid that nests over the bottom to prevent contamination
- petri dishes
- their DNA (genetic material) is not enclosed within a membrane and is one circular chromosome
- prokaryotes
- their DNA is not associated with histones
- prokaryotes
- they lack membrane-enclosed organelles
- prokaryotes
- their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan
- prokaryotes
- they usually divide by binary fission
- prokaryotes
- means prenucleus
- prokaryotes
- means true nucleus
- eukaryotes
- their DNA is found in the cell's nucleus, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes
- eukaryotes
- their DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and with nonhistones
- eukaryotes
- they have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, and somtimes chloroplasts
- eukaryotes
- their cell walls, when present, are chemically simple
- eukaryotes
- they usually divide by mitosis (replication to make two identical cells)
- eukaryotes
- substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves
- catalysts
- an intracellular enzyme
- endoenzyme
- an extracellular enzyme
-
exoenzyme
ex: amylase - usually inorganic metal like Fe and Zn
- cofactor
- enzyme required for reaction to occur
- holoenzyme
- all of the insomatic activities that occur within a cell
- metabolism
- how are enzymes named
-
1 by the substrate that they act upon
2 by the type of reaction they catalyze - the substrate that act upon protein
-
proteinase
includes casein, pepsin and rennin - the substrate that act upon carbohydrate
-
carbohydrase
includes lactose to lactase - the substrate that act upon lipids
- lipase
- the substrate that act upon urea
- urease
- the removal of H
-
dehydration
dehydrogenase - inhibition where the enzyme ceases to be made when the product is present
- repressible inhibition
- the introduction of water; splits the substrate (hydrolysis)
- hydration
- removal of water
- dehydration
- the conversion to isomeric forms
- isomeration
- spikes made of protein
- peplomeres
- plasmids that can integrate themselves into the chromosomal DNA of the host organism
- episomes
- the 4 steps of koch's postulates
-
1 the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2 the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3 the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal
4 the pathogen must be isolated from this inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism - disease-causing
- pathogenic
- the most frequently used method of measuring bacterial populations
- plate count
- a type of direct measurement of microbial growth that has the advantage of measuring the number of viable cells
- plate count
- a type of direct measurement of microbial growth that has a disadvantage because it usually takes 24 hours or more for visible colonies to form
- plate count
- a method of inoculating a solid nutrient medium by mixing bacteria in the melted medium and adding the medium into a petri dish to solidify
- pour plate method
- a method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of a solid culture medium
- streak plate method
- the steps of the lytic cycle of viruses
-
1 attachment-phage attaches to host cell
2 penetration-phage penetrates host cell and injects its DNA
3 biosynthesis-phage DNA directs synthesis of viral components by the host cell
4 maturation-viral components are assembled into virions
5 release-host cell lyses and new virions are released - the viral cycle that ends with lysis and death of the host cell
- lytic cycle
- the viral cycle where the host cell remains alive
- lysogenic cycle
- the steps of the lysogenic cycle
-
1 attachment-phage attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
2 phage DNA circularizes
3 phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination, becoming a prophage
4 lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally
5 occasionally, the prophage may excise from the bacterial chromosome by another recombination event, initiating a lytic cycle - 4 methods of maintaining anaerobic organisms
-
1 using an anaerobic incubator
2 using an anaerobic jar with water and catalyst
3 using thioglycollate broth
4 using the hospital cultures (ex- gc and chlamydia) - which organisms are never isolated on media
-
Leprosy-Mycobacterium leprae
Rickettsieae
Syphillis-Treponema pallidum - steps of binary fission
-
1 duplication of internal structures including DNA and ribosomes
2 materials go to ends of the cell
3 cytoplasmic membrane begins to invaginate
4 cell wall begins to invaginate
5 cell separates - to enclosed or become enclosed in
- invaginate
- the causative agent of anthrax
- bacillus anthracis
- 5 examples of products used for enriched compositions
-
1 blood
2 beef extract
3 yeast extract
4 serum
5 chocolate-haemophilus - gangrene is an example of what type of organism
- anaerobic organism
- ultaviolet radiation cannot penetrate what material
- glass
- how long should fomites be boiled
- at least 10 minutes
- how long should organisms be autoclaved
- for 30 minutes at 121 degrees C at 15 pounds of pressure
- how long should organisms be pasteurized
- at low temperatures of 60 degrees C for 30 minutes
- was used with wine; now also used with milk and beer
- pasteurization
- type of method for microbial control of endospores
- tyndallization
- how long should organisms be tyndallized
- for 30 minutes for 3 days at 100 degrees C
- an example of dry heating (glassware, equipment)
- using the dishwasher
- due to the risk of fatality, you should never mix what 2 chemical agents
- chlorine(clorox) and ammonia
- examples of 7 chemical agents
-
1 alcohol
2 chlorine-clorox
3 iodine-especially with alcohol
4 formaldehyde-for all organisms
5 phenol-phenol coefficient
6 lysol-NH4 chloride
7 hexachlorophene-especially against Staph. aureus - also called the exponential phase
- log phase
- an additional growth factor (blood for haemophilius)
- fastidious
- what are the 5 criterias that biological organisms must meet
-
1 they must reproduce
2 they must ingest food substances and metabolize the food for energy and growth
3 they, in turn, must excrete waste
4 they must react to changes in the environment (known as irritability)
5 they must be susceptible to mutations -
1 have no metabolism
2 they do not ingest food nor excrete waste
3 they do not respond to their environment
4 they can reproduce and are therefore, susceptible to mutations - viruses
- 2 shapes of viral capsids
-
icoshedron-20 sided polyhedrial (cubical)
helical - since there is no taxonomy(classification) for viruses how are they grouped
-
1 by type of nucleic acid(DNA or RNA)
2 their shape
3 if they are enveloped or naked - without a ______ the organism would be a glob
- cell wall
- contains a bilayer of protein and phospholipids
- cell membrane
- drug resistance is carried on _____
- plasmids
- the _____ of bacteria determines the gram reaction
- cell wall
- gram _____ bacteria have a 3 dimensional lattice-work that retains the crystal violet after being treated with acetone-alcohol
- positive
- gram _____ bacteria loose the crystal violet because of the layering of the cell wall components, which contain large amounts of lipids(which are dissolve by the alcohol)
- negative
- also called the cell membrane or plasma membrane
- cytoplasmic membrane
- also called episomes
- plasmids
- an enzyme that destroys penicillin and located on a plasmid
- penicillinase
- store phospate to be used for ATP production
- volutin granules
- a name for organisms that are unable to be engulf by wbc's
- antiphagocytic
- examples of bacteria that produce capsules
-
pneumonia-S. pneumoniae
tooth cavities-S. mutans - transfer DNA material from one bacteria to another
- pili
- examples of bacteria that can produce spores
-
botulism
tetanus - substrate + enzyme = _____
- product(s)
- this solution may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (lysis)
- hypotonic solution
- this soultion moves water out of the cell and causes its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)
- hypertonic solution
- what is the only type of solution that a cell can live in
- isotonic solution
- used by organisms for conjugation
- pili
- special chromosomal proteins found in eukaryotes
- histones
- an environment where no nutrients are added and no waste is taken away
- closed growth environment
- a symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives on or in another organism and harms that organism(the host)
- parasitism
- house the viral nucleic acid
- capsid
- exception to the koch's postulate rule
- embryonated chicken egg or HeLa cells
- 3 ways to count the increase in cell mass of organisms
-
1 weight-lyophilize
2 amount of one component-protein
3 turbidity-spectophotometer - 3 ways to count the increase in cell number
-
1 plate count
2 pour plate-viable
3 direct microscopic count-counting chamber-viable and nonviable - organisms that utilize high salt concentrations to grow
-
halophiles
from ocean - 3 examples of sugars
- jams,jellies,molds
- 4 heat methods of microbial control
-
1 incinerating
2 boiling
3 dry heating
4 autoclaving - 2 radiation methods of microbial control
-
1 gamma rays-cobalt
2 ultraviolet radiation-absorbed by nucleic acids - are specific
- enzymes
- 2 things that are not specific
-
1 coenzymes
2 cofactors - made of protein and RNA
- ribosomes
- a site for antibiotic action
- ribosomes
- storage for excess sugars
- granules
- contain starch or glycogen
- granules
- originate inside the cell from a basal body then grow outside the cell through a structure called a hook
- flagella
- the process by which a hypertonic solution causes the cytoplasm to shrink(plasmolysis)
- crenation
- a nonliving object that can spread infection
- fomite
- 2 reactions that must occur together
- oxidation and reduction
- means false feet
- pseudopod
- the loss of its characteristic 3-dimiensional structue (tertiary configuration)
- denaturation
- table sugar (sucrose) is the substrate of the enzyme _____
- sucrase
- the names of enzymes usually ends in -_____
- -ase
- nonprotein component of an enzyme
- cofactor
- 5 steps of the mechanism of enzymatic action
-
1 the substrate contacts the active site on the enzyme to form
2 an enzyme-substrate complex
3 the substrate is then transformed into products
4 the products are released
5 the enzyme is recovered unchanged - 4 factors that influence the activity of an enzyme
-
1 temperature-increases as temp increases
2 pH
3 substrate concentration
4 the presence/absence of inhibitors (competitive and noncompetitive)