Human Experience In Health Exam 2
Terms
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- the state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body, naturally maintined by adaptive responses the promote healthy survival
- homeostasis
- constitutes 42% of body weight. This is fluid within the cell
- intracellular
- Outside of cell. 1/3 of the body water, or 17% of the total weight.
- extracellular
- Swelling caused by excessive fluid in the body
- edema
- occurs when fluid collects in the tissue. Pressing a thumb or finger firmly against the tissue for a few seconds, a dent can be produced. The dent may persist for several minutes.
- pitting edema
- substances whose milecules dissociate or split into ions when placed in water
- electrolyte
- electrically charged particles
- ion
- positively charged ions
- cation
- negatively charged ions
- anion
- the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration
- diffusion
- movement of water bet. 2 compartments sep. by a membrane permeable to water but not to solute
- osmosis
- molecules move against the concentration gradient. External energy is required for this process
- active transport
- the force w/in a fluid compartment.
- hydrostatic pressure
- the amount of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water
- oncotic pressure
- distribution of body water
- fluid spacing
- Glucose transport into cell is an example of...
- facilitated diffusion
- How does sodium move out of the cell and potassium move into the cell?
- active transport
- determined by the concentration of solutes in a solution
- osmotic pressure
- the test typically performed to evaluate the concentration of plasma and urine
- osmolarity
- .....gradually decreases as the blood moves through the arteries until it is about 40mm HG at the arterial end of the capillary
- hydrostatic pressure
- The major colloied in the vascular system contributing to the total osmotic pressure is...
- protein
- plasma oncotic pressure is...
- 25 mm Hg
- The proteins found in the interstitial space exert an oncotic pressure of...
- 1mm Hg
- What causes them movement of fluid into the capillary?
- plasma oncotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure
- At the arterial end of the capillary, .....exceeds plasma oncotic pressure
- capillary hydrostatic pressure
- At the venous end of the capillary, the ....is lower than plasma oncotic presure and the fluid is drawn back into the capillry by...
- cap. hydrostatic pressureis lower than plasma oncotic pressure/fluid is drawn back by oncotic pressure created by plasma proteins
- Increasing the pressure at the venous end of the capillary does what?
- inhibits fluid movement back into the capillary
- What are some causes of increased venous pressure?
- fluid overload, congestive heart failure, liver failure, obstruction of venous return to the heart, and venous insufficiency
- What could happen w/ the administration of colloids, dextran, mannitol, or hypertonic solutions?
- fluid being drawn into the plasma space
- what is a therapeutic application of increasing hydrostatic pressure?
- the wearing of ted hose
- Cellular water pressure; responsible for keeping cells firm
- turgor
- a measure of the molecular tension or force applied across a bipolar membrane
- osmolality
- A solution having a low concentration of solute
- hypotonic
- Term applied to two solutions with equal solute concentrations
- isotonic
- A solution having a high concentration of solute
- hypertonic
- invisible vaporization from the lungs and skin and assists in regulating body temp.
- insensible loss
- potassium imbalance can cause
- nausea
- Describe the composition of the body fluid compartments
- ICF has a high concentration of potassium, and small amounts of mag./Na. ECF:lots of NA, small K,CA,mag.
- Excretion of urine, especially in excess
- diuresis
- a body fluid deficit or increase in plasma osmolality is sensed by...
- osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
- What gland stimulates thirst and ADH release?
- hypothalamus
- the amount of water lost to insesible water loss?
- 900 ml/day. This is increased by accelerated body metabolism (which is increased w/ increased body temp/excersise)
- caused by fever or high environmental temp. May lead to large losses of water and electrolytes
- sensible perspiration
- what is the normal daily water intake/output?
- bet. 2000 and 3000ml/day
- Describe ECF anions
- ECF anion:chloride, some bicarbonate,sulfate, phosphate anions
- serum range for Na+
- 135-145 mEq/L
- Serum range for K+
- 3.5-5.5 mEq/L
- Serum range for Ca++
- 9-11 mg/dl
- hypernatremia
- high amounts of sodium (salt) in the blood.
- hyperkalemia
- high amounts of potassium in the blood
- hypercalcemia
- An excess of calcium in the blood
- hypovolemia
- A decreased amount of blood in the body
- What is secreted by the adrenal cortex and promotes the reabsorption of Na and the excretion of K from the kidneys
- aldosterone
- When ...is secreted it causes Na to be reabsorbed and water will be reabsorbed with the Na
- aldosterone
- Causes of hypovolemia:
- vomiting, diarrhea, fever, excessive blood loss, traumatic injuries, and burns
- what group is at greatest risk for hypovolemia?
- the elderly
- symptoms of hypovolemia?
- low BP, low blood volume, decreased skin turgor, decreased urine output, and thirst