Fluid Administration
Terms
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- Diffusion is the passage of solute from an area of _____ solute concentration to one of _______solute concentration.
-
higher
lower - Osmosis is the passage of solvent from an area of _____solute concentration to one of ______ solute concentration when separated by a semi-permeable membrane.
-
lesser
greater - _______ is a nondiffusible substance; a solute suspended in solution (ie plasma proteins)
- Colloid
- Approximately _____% of the total body weight is fluid in the non-obese adult animal.
- 60
- Approximately _____% of the total body weight is fluid in a neonate.
- 80
- Approximately _____% of the total body weight is fluid in obese adult animals.
- 50
- The extracellular fluid compartment is made up of what 2 main compartments?
- interstitial and intravascular
- The most abundant cation in ECF is _____ and in ICF is _____.
-
Na
K, Mg - Initially in dehydration the main fluid loss is from the _______ fluid.
- interstitial
- IV fluid administration enters _______-->______-->_______
- Intravascular --> Interstitial --> Intracellular
- The most abundant anion in ECF is _____ and in ICF is______.
-
Cl, HCO2
H2PO4 & proteins - What is the effect on the cell with hypotonic fluid?
- swelling of the cell
- What is the effect on the cell with hypertonic fluid?
- shrinkage of the cell
- What is the pressure exerted by a stationary liquid?
- hydrostatic pressure
- If vascular colliod osmotic pressure decreases (hypoproteinenima), fluid accumulation in the interstitial tissues = ________
- edema
- If membrane pore size can increase with systemic inflammation and burns, allowing plasma proteins to "leak" into the intersitium, pulling water with it = _______
- edema
- If vascular hydrostatic pressure increases with fluid overload, fluid accumulates in the intersitial space = _______
- edema
- What are the 3 sources of water intake?
-
1-water that is drunk
2-water ingested in food
3-water resulting from metabolism of food - What are the 4 sources of water loss?
-
1-urine
2-feces
3-sweat
4-respiration - Fluid loss that is characterized as sensible is?
- Losses easily measured
- Fluid loss that is characterized as insensible is?
- losses not easily measured
- Fluid loss that is characterized as contemporary is?
- ongoing fluid losses
- Fluid therapy is used for what?
-
1-shock
2-dehydration
3-maintain hydration
4-replace electrolytes & nutrients
5-open line for meds - What are the 5 routes of fluid administration?
-
1-oral
2-SQ
3-IP (intraperitoneal)
4-IO (intraosseous)
5-IV - Dextrose solutions is used for?
- insensible losses & to correct hypernatremia
- When administering fluids, if the PCV drops below 20%, what should be done?
- blood transfusion
- The main goal of therapy in shock is to increase ________ fluid.
- intravascular
- Hypotonic solution is excellent for what?
- long term maintenance
- Isotonic solution is best used for?
- shock and dehydration
- Hypertonic solution is best used for?
- shock
- What is Pierce College's rate of administration for shock in a cat?
- 40-60ml/kg/hr
- What is Pierce College's rate of administration for shock in a dog?
- 80-90ml/kg/hr
- The mainstay of shock therapy fluids is?
- crystalloids
- During surgery the accepted surgical drip rate is?
- 10ml/kg/hr
- In general maintenance fluid rates should be increased ____% for each _____F rise in body temperature.
-
10
1.8 - What are some signs of overhydration that can be observed?
- restlessness, vomiting, serous nasal discharge
- What medical problems predispose to overhydration?
- cardiac disease, Primary renal disease, lung disease, cushings disease
- If fluids are no longer dripping what 5 things should be checked?
-
1-check catheter
2-position of patient
3-check flow clamp
4-check tubing for twisting,kink
5-check fluid level - What are some complications with IV catheters?
-
Infiltration (edema)
Infusion phlebitis
Air embolism
Infection at venipuncture site - 0.45% NaCl and 2.5% Dextrose are both examples of what type of fluid?
- Hypotonic
- 0.9% NaCl, Lactated Ringers and Normosol-R are all examples of what type of fluid?
- Isotonic
- 7% NaCl is an example of what type of fluid?
- Hypertonic
- Dextrans, Hetastarch, Oxypolygelatin and Oxygen carrying fluid are all types of what type of fluid?
- Colloids
- Formula for hydration deficit is?
- % hydration by body weight (kg) by 1000ml
- Which type of loss is it recommemded to estimate and than double?
- Contempory losses