Biology Midterm
Terms
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- nucleolus
- makes ribosomes
- heterotroph
- organism that gets food from others
- 4,600,000,000
- how old is the earth
- hydrophobic
- (non-polar) molecule that is repelled from a mass of water
- vertebrate
- animal that has a vertebral column, or backbone ex. fishes, amphibeans, reptiles, birds and mammals
- vacuole
- found in both plants and animals and stores liquids and dissolved materials
- surface tension
- attractive property of the surface of a liquid, it causes the surface of a portion of liquid to be attracted to another surface
- sex
- reproduction
- natural selection
- process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully, also called survival of the fittest
- respiration
- the process in which molecules are converted into useable energy
- diffusion
- process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
- diffusion
- no energy
- cytoskeleton
- provides structure and support for the cell and helps with cell movement
- linnaeus
- swedish botanist, physician and zoologist who laid the foundation for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. "father of taxonomy"
- protists
- from what group did plants evolve?
- law of superpositioning
- fossils found in deeper rock layer will be the oldest
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- covered with ribosomes, transport proteins
- molecular biology
- the study of biology at a molecular level; organisms have similar DNA, we evolve from similar ancestors, similar in DNA and proteins
- autotroph
- organism that makes it's own food
- kingdom
- second broadest taxon
- porifera
- an animal that has tiny openings all over themselves; multicellular, heterotrophic; they have no cell walls and contain a few specialized cells
- embryology
- early stages, or embryos of many animals with backbones are very similar ex. lizards, turtles, pigs, humans; and the more similar the embryos are, the better factor that we have a common ancestor
- binomial nomenclature
- cassification system in which species are assigned a two-part scientific name
- hypotonic cell
- opposite to hypertonic; solution has little solute relative to cell
- hydrophillic
- typically charge; polarized and capable of hydrogen bonding, enabling it to dissolve more readily in water than in other hydrophobic solvents
- hydrogen
- ex. attraction between the hydrogen atom on one molecule and the oxygen atom on another water molecule
- leukoplast
- plant organelle that contains starches and pigment
- plants
- eukaryotic, multi-cellular, autotroph, ex. flower
- cnidaria
- a polyp, also known as an anemone or coral and then the other type is a medusa who's common name is a medusa; have a life cycle, which includes becoming a polyp to a medusa; are normally only a few cells thick and have pretty simple body systems
- field of view
- what you see
- ribosomes
- protein factory
- prokaryote
- first organism to evolve on earth
- nematoda
- a roundworm; a skinny worm with tapering ends, they grow to different sizes from microscopic to a meter in length; most of them are free and inhabitant soil, salt flats, aquatic sediments, and water, and the others live in hosts that are almost every type of plant and animal
- bilateral
- body plan in which only a single imaginary line can divide the body into 2 equal halves
- radial
- body plan in which parts repeat around the center of the body; characteristics of sea anenome and sea stars
- plasmolysis
- in hypertonic, plant cell wall lose water and the plasma membrane will pull away from the cell
- solution
- mixture of a liquid and a substance that dissolves
- adaptation
- inherited characteristics that increases an organism's chance of survival
- lamarck
- believed that traits were directly passed to offspring
- species
- eighth broadest taxon
- taxonomist
- discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name
- animals
- eukaryotic, multicellular,heterotroph, ex. human
- DNA polymerase
- adds monomers to make extra copies
- nucleus
- contains the DNA in eukaryotic cells
- chordata
- includes fishes and amphibians; an animal that has, for at least some stage at its life had a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches; and a tail that extends beyond the anus; some swim, others fly or even crawl.
- osmosis
- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
- isotonic cell
- same concentration
- class
- fourth broadest taxon
- dichotomous key
- device constructed from a series of highly organized statements arranged into couplets, which identify plants and animals in taxonomy
- prokaryote
- unicellular lacking a nucleus-bacteria
- transmission electron microscope
- greater magnification
- fitness
- ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
- adhesion
- water molecules stick together because they're polar; attraction between molecules of the same substance
- mitochondria
- converts chemical energy from food (sugar) into cell energy (ATP)
- exocytosis
- cell vomiting, things going out of cell
- nucleotide of DNA
- phosphate, deoxyribose, nitrogenous base (a,t,c,g)
- eubacteria/archaebacteria
- kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls are made up of peptidoglycno
- classify
- to make identifying new organisms easier, to find similarities and relationships, to organize or unify the system
- fossil record
- information about past life, including the structure of organisms, what they ate, of organisms, what they ate, what ate them, in what environment they lived, and the order in which they lived
- cohesion
- water molecules stick together because they're polar; attraction between molecules of the same substance
- creation of fossil
- decomposers first eat caracass, then shallow streams quickly bury the skeleton, sediments turn to fossil over millions of years
- endocytosis
- process in which extensions of cytoplasm
- polar
- a molecule with a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other; a covalent bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared equally; an atom with stronger electro-negativity forces the other atom closer, because it needs more electrons to be happy
- phylum
- third broadest taxon
- darwin
- english naturalist who realized and demonstrated that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the process he called natural selection
- antibiotics
- compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria; chemotherapeutic agent with activity against bacteria, fungi or activity against bacteria, fungi or protozoa
- genus
- seventh broadest taxon
- echinodermata
- includes animals such as a sea star, sea urchin or sand dollar; characterized by spiny skin, internal skeleton, a water vascular system, and suction-cuplike structures called tube feet; body parts usually occur in multiples of five and are arranged around the central body like the spokes of a wheel
- eubacteria
- prokaryotic, unicellular, autotroph/heterotroph, ex. ecoli
- nitrogenous
- contains nitrogen
- lysosomes
- cleans up the cell (contain special digestive enzymes)
- product
- element or compound provided by a chemical reaction
- annelida
- worm that has a segmented body, and has a true coelem that is lined with tissue derived from mesoderm; have a tube-within-a-tube digestive tract, which passes food through the mouth to the anus
- solute
- (usually H2O) "universal solvent" mixture composed of 2 or more substancese
- double helix
- shape of each DNA molecule
- endosymbiosis
- name three cell parts associated with this process; theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms, then ancestral eukaryote prokaryote and started working together
- mollusca
- animals that are included in the group are snails, slugs, clams, squids, and octopi; size varies from a size that is not visible with the naked eye to 20 meters long; they come in various different sizes, shapes and forms.
- helicase
- unzips DNA
- ribonucleic acid
- RNA
- characteristics of life
- response to stimuli, regulation, energy use, cellular organization, growth and development, reproduction and waste removal
- osmosis
- movement of water across membrane, requires no energy
- scanning electron microscope
- black/white image (artificially colored) non living, 3D
- homologous structures
- term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosomes from the opposite sex parent (common ancestor)
- evolution
- change in a kind of organism over time, process by which modern organism have descendents from ancient organisms
- plantae
- producers, multicellular, eukaryotic
- biogeography
- study of the distribution of biodiversity over space and time, aims to reveal where organisms live, and at what abundance
- golgi apparatus
- collects, modifies, repackages an ships out large proteins/products
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- DNA
- reactant
- element or compound that enters into a chemical reaction
- archaebacteria
- prokaryotic , unicellular, autotroph/heterotroph, ex. thermoplasma
- covalent
- form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds
- dissecting scope
- low magnification, 3D
- platyhelmithe
- it's common name is a flatworm; a flattened worm that has tissue and internal organ systems; they are usually no more than a few millimeters thick.
- protist
- eukaryotic, multicellular, autotroph/heterotroph, ex. paramisium
- sedimentary rock
- when sediments pile up over time and pile into rock (surface of earth)
- enzyme
- catalyzes chemical reactions
- homeostasis
- proves by which organism maintain a relatively stable internal environment
- arthropoda
- common names included in the group is animals like insects, crabs, centipedes and spiders; have a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages; most diverse and successful animals of all time
- asymmetrical
- if you cut down middle, isn't identical
- hypertonic cell
- solution has a lot of solute relative to cell
- nuclear envelope
- controls what enters and leaves the nucleus (breaks into spindle fibers)
- vestigial structure
- organ/structure that were important to our ancestors but have no uses for us today (whales with legs, tailbones for us today, the appendix)
- invertebrate
- animal that does not have a backbone, or vertebral column
- phylogenetic trees
- a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entitles that are believed to have a common ancestor; show where a species started out/ came from and how they evolved and which ancestor didn't survive
- pump
- active transport goes from low to high concentration
- dehydration synthesis
- removes water to make something (2 monomers combined- H2O= polymer) ANABOLISM
- mutation
- change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
- solvent
- liquid or gas hat dissolves a solid/liquid/gaseous solute; liquid
- animalia
- no cell walls, most animals can move about for some part of their life, multicellular and heterotrophic
- domain
- broadest taxon
- comparative anatomy
- when you find similarities; the study of similarities of differences in the anatomy of organisms
- nucleotide of RNA
- phosphate, ribose, nitrogenous base (a,u,c,g)
- light microscope
- color, living organism
- fungi
- eukaryotic, multicellular, hetero, ex. mushroom
- magnification
- zoom, 3x, 2x...etc
- chloroplast
- converts solar energy into chemical energy
- transport vessicle
- transport channel and storage for lipids
- order
- fifth broadest taxon
- theory
- well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
- family
- sixth broadest taxon
- ionic
- "chemical bond" atom/molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge
- cellulose
- what are cell walls of plants composed of?
- eukaryote
- organism whose cell contains a nucleus-plants, animals, fungi, protists
- hydrolysis
- chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen/hydroxide ions