Bio. Unit Test Study Sheet Vocab.
the study sheet stuff handed out on 12-4-07.
Terms
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- vascular cylinder
- center region of the root that hass the vascular cells
- palisades mesophyll
- absorbs the light that enters the leaf
- transpiration
- water loss through the stomata in the form of water vapor
- root cap
- protects the root as it pushes the way through soil
- phototrophism
- a plant response to light
- bark
- all tissues outside the vascular cambium
- dermal tissue
- one of the three main types of plant tissue; found on outside; includes the cuticle and the epidermis; contains a layer of epidermal cells
- guard cells
- control the stomata's opening and closing
- short-day plants
- plants that germinate and flower when days are short
- internodes
- area of a plant between nodes
- secondary root
- all roots except for primary root
- endodermis
- area after the cortex and before the veins
- capillary action
- when water in a tube is caused to rise due to adhesion
- woody stems
- stems that last really long; made out of wood
- germination
- early growth of a plant embryo
- monocot
- angiosperms containing a single cotyledon
- vessel elements
- stack up on top of each other like tin cans; found in the xylem
- pith
- parenchyma cells inside the ring of vascular tissue; within dicots
- root hairs
- increase surface area for maximum water and nutrient absorption
- herbaceous stems
- stems that last for a short time (less than 2 years)
- hormone
- something produced in one part of the organism that affects another part
- lateral buds
- plant buds that make side branches as they grow
- gibberellins
- hormone that increases size usually in the fruit or stem
- photoperiodism
- when plants respond to periods of light
- thigmotrophism
- plant response to touch
- auxins
- hormone that stimulate cell elongation
- fruit
- any seed that is enclosed inside an ovary wall; usually emerges from a flower
- sieve tube elements
- found in phloem; stacked end to end; have holes so materials can get in and out of the phloem
- heartwood
- part of wood that contains non-functioning xylem; still used for support
- petiole
- veins running through from the leaf to the stem
- stomata (stoma)
- where gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor are exchanged
- dicot
- angiosperms containing 2 ctyledons
- sapwood
- part of wood that has functioning xylem; lighter than heartwood
- stems
- a plant organ that is responsible for transporting water and nutrients from the roots and the stems and vise versa; it also protects animals against predators and disease; holds up leaves and branches
- apical dominance
- the process by which the lateral buds toward the top take longer to grow because they have more auxins due to they are closer to the apical meristem
- secondary growth
- when stems grow in width to support branches and leaves; takes place in vascular cambium and cork cambium
- target cell
- thing that triggers a hormone; usually a protein
- primary growth
- when a living thing grows at the tips of its roots and stems, making it taller; takes place in all seed plants by the apical meristem
- sclerenchyma
- part of ground tissue; thick and rigid cell walls
- meristematic tissue
- plant tissue that does not have a specific job yet; undifferentiated
- adhesion
- attraction between unlike molecules
- spongy mesophyll
- empty spaces that gas can get into
- epidermal cells
- layer of cells taht make up the cuticle and helps with water absorption on roots
- ethlene
- hormone that ripens fruit; released in response to auxins
- casparian strip
- water proof strip that doesn't allow water out of the xylem and phloem
- xylem
- made up of vessel elements and tracheid cells; responsible for movement of water
- companion cells
- found in phloem; surround seive tube element, regulating the materials that are exchanged
- apical meristem
- undifferentiated cells taht divide using mitosis; found on the stem tip and the roots
- leaves
- responsible for photosynthetic processes, including gas exchange and light that is absorbed; tries to protect against water loss
- vascular tissue
- a type of plant tissue; makes up veins (xylem and phloem)
- cork cambium
- produces outer covering of stem
- angiosperms
- flowering plants
- parenchyma
- main type of ground tissue; have thin cell walls and large vacuoles; packed with chloroplasts when found in leaves
- pressure flow hypothesis
- theory that states that movement in the phloem is caused by diffusion and osmosis; also states movement can happen in both ways
- ground tissue
- make up the "rest" of the plant tissue; three main types are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
- phloem
- made up of seive tube elements and companion cells; responsible for movement of water and dissolved substances, usually water
- meristems
- responsible for plant growth
- long day plants
- plants that germinate and flower when days are long
- photocryome
- plant pigment that is responsible for photoperiodism
- buds
- area where leaf and node meet; could be a new leaf
- tracheid cells
- long cells that are impermeable to water; found in the xylem
- blades
- the flattened section of a leaf
- taproot system
- root system, mainly found in dicots, in which the primary root is the biggest
- active transport
- movement through a membrane using energy
- cortex
- spongy ground tissue found in root below endodermis
- trophisms
- response to external stimulus
- diffusion
- the movement of a substance from and area of high to an area of low concentration
- fibrous root system
- root system, mainly found in monocots, in which the secondary root is as big as the primary root
- vascular cambium
- produces vascular tissue inside a stem
- essential nutrients
- nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium
- cytokinins
- hormone that is produced in growing roots and seeds; stimulate cell division, growth of lateral buds, and causes seeds to sprout
- roots
- a plant organ that anchors the plant, prevents soil erosion, absorbs water and nutrients, and protects from soil bacteria and fungi
- primary root
- root that first from seed
- nodes
- area of a stem where the leaves are attached
- mesophyll
- bulk of leaf; where photosynthesis occurs
- abscission layer
- layer of cells that the plant seperates itself from the stem
- dormancy
- when an embryo is live but not active
- trace elements
- elements needed in small quantities for a plant to live; too much kills a plant
- vascular bundles
- area containing a phloem and xylem
- collenchyma
- part of ground tissue; thicker, more flexible cell walls; aka "the strings in celery"
- differentiation
- when cells mature nad are given a certain cell function
- geotrophism
- a plant response to gravity
- herbicides
- compounds that are toxic to plants
- osmosis
- diffusion of water through a membrane