BIS1A FINAL
Terms
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- nucleotide
- The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous bas and a phosphate group.
- linkage group
- the collection of genes, located on the same chromosome, that are usually inherited together
- mutagenesis
- an event capable of causing a mutation
- mutation
- (biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration, a change in DNA sequence that affects genetic information
- parental type
- the genotype of a parent
- phenotype
- what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype
- asexual reproduction
- reproduction that does not involve the union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
- somatic cells
- any cell other than a gamete, has 46 chromosomes
- fertilization
- occurs when a haploid sperm cell from father fuses with haploid ovum from mother. Union of gametes - fusion of nuclei, forms zygote, full set of 46 chromosomes(human)
- endotoxins
- are lipids & carbohydrates that are part of the gram - bacterial outer membrane that are released when a bacterium dies, heat stable
- zygote
- The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg.
- chromatid
- one of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis
- DNA
- an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms
- RNA
- A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages, plays an important role in the production of proteins
- codominant
- When both phenotypes appear in heterozygous individuals; Examples: Blood type A crossd with B = type AB
- mitosis
- 1. the process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, normally resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes
- recombination
- (genetics) a combining of genes or characters different from what they were in the parents, An exchange of DNA segments by crossing over.
- genotype
- genetic makeup of an organism, results in phenotype
- test cross
- A genetic cross between an organism displaying a recessive phenotype (homozygous recessive) and an organism displaying a dominant phenotype (for whic the genotype is unknown), done to determine the unknown genotype.
- Allele
- varying form of a gene Aa aA AA aa
- gamete
- a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
- self cross
- organism crossed with itself
- genetic map
- graphical representation of the arrangement of genes on a chromosome
- Trait
- each variant for a character, such as purple or white flower color
- Gene
- A unit of heredity- unit of genetic function which carries info for single polypeptide chain or RNA
- spore
- a small usually single-celled reproductive body produced by many plants and some protozoans and that develops into a new individual, haploid reproductive cell
- vector
- any agent (person or animal or microorganism) that carries and transmits a disease
- back cross
- mate a hybrid of the first generation with one of its parents, otherwise known as incest (P x F1)
- meiosis
- (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
- mating
- the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes
- mutant
- an animal that has undergone mutation
- recombinant type
- non-parental type formed by recombination
- crossover
- the exchange of genetic material between two paired chromosome during meiosis, when two homologous chromosomes cross over and trade parts
- diploid
- (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
- tetrad
- the four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis
- nucleoside
- a nucleotide w/o a phosphate (contains a purine or pyrimidine base and a sugar)
- vegetative reproduction
- Angiosperm asexual reproduction. Grows new plant by mitosis alone, no fertilization., method of asexual reproduction used by many flowering plants
- chromosome
- a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
- sex chromosomes
- In mammals, the X and Y chromosomes
- autosomes
- The chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes.
- linkage
- genes/alleles that are inherited together on the same chromosome.
- cross
- (genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids
- exotoxins
- poisonous proteins secreted by bacterial cells, released during growth, heat labile, mostly gram +
- chiasma
- a point of overlap of paired chromatids at which fusion and exchange of genetic material occurs during prophase I of meiosis
- haploid
- (genetics) an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
- chiasmata
- where maternal and paternal chromosome intertwine
- reduction division
- cell division that occurs in meiosis and results in haploid cells
- synapsis
- the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis
- sex linkage
- an association between genes in sex chromosomes that makes some characteristics appear more frequently in one sex than in the other
- homologous
- The two chromosomes of a pair that are simiar in structure. They carry the same genes, but their DNA sequences may be slightly different.
- germination
- the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow
- nucleic acid
- A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The types are DNA and RNA.
- incomplete dominance
- A type of inheritance in which two contrasting alleles contribute to the individual a trait not exactly like either parent; blending inheritance.