Ch. 5 & 23.1
Terms
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- Krebs cycle
- a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major patheway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy
- carbon dioxide fixation
- the transfer of carbon dioxide to organic compounds
- anaerobic
- describes a process that does not require oxygen
- electron transport chain
- a series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane
- vascular plant
- a plant that has a vascular systam composed of xylem and phloem, specialized tissues that conduct materials from one part of the plant to another
- aerobic
- describes a process that requires oxygen
- stoma
- one of many openings in a leaf or stem of a plant that enable gas exchange to occur
- glycolysis
- the anaerobic breakdown of glucose pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP
- xylem
- Hard-walled cells transport water and mineral nutrients in this kind of tissue
- NADH
- electron carrier
- nonvascular plant
- the three groups of plants that lack specialized conducting tissues and true roots, stems, and leaves
- shoot
- the portion of a plant that grows mostly above the ground; includes the stems and leaves
- root
- the mainly underground organ of vascular plants that holds plants in place and absorbs and stores water and minerals from the soil
- photosynthesis
- the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen
- seed
- a plant embryo that is enclosed in a protective coat
- chlorophyll
- a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates
- seed plant
- a plant that produces seeds
- fermentation
- the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeast, or mold in the absence of oxygen
- NADPH
- electron carrier that provides the high energy electrons needed to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in the third stage of photosynthesis
- embryo
- an organism in an early stage of development of plants and animals; in gumans, a developing individual is roferred to as an embryo from the second through the eighth week of pregnancy
- carotenoid
- a class of pigments that are prsent mostly in plants and that aid in photosynthesis
- autotroph
- an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the enviroment instead of consuming other organisms
- flower
- the reproductive structure of a flowering plant that usually consists of a pistil, stamens, petals, and sepals
- thylakoid
- a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis
- vascular system
- a conducting systam of tissues that transport water and other materials in plants or in animals
- meristem
- a region of undifferentiated plant cells that are capable of dividing and developing into specialized plant tissues
- cellular respiration
- the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide
- cuticle
- a waxy or fatty and watertight layer on the external wall of epidermal cells
- Calvin cycle
- a biochemical patheway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP
- pigment
- a substance that gives another substance or a mixture its color
- FADH2
- electron carrier
- phloem
- the tissue that conducts food in vascular plants
- guard cell
- one of a pair of specialized cells that boarder a stoma and regulate gas exchange
- heterotroph
- an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by products and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials