Biology Final
Terms
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- locomotion
- the power or ability to move
- decomposer
- organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms
- ADP
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- consumer
- organism that obtains food by eating producers (autotrophs) or other consumers
- hormones
- signal molecule released into the bloodstream that triggers particular responses
- population density
- number of individuals of a particular species per unit area or volume
- limiting factor
- condition that restricts a population's growth, such as space, disease, and food availability
- slime molds
- plasmodial-brightly colored, branching growth on a decaying log which is a protist; sporangia-fruiting bodes (reproduction structures); cellular-decomposers that live mainly on decaying organic matter
- exponential growth
- growth of a population that multiplies by a constant factor at constant time intervals
- adaption
- inherited characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
- vascular
- system of tube-shaped cells that branches throughout a plant and transports water, mineral nutrients, and organic molecules
- binomial nomenclature
- two-part Latin name of a species
- classification of bacteria by shape
- cocci-spherical; bacilli-rod shaped; spirochetes-large spiral shaped, spiral shaped
- non-vascular
- don't have the system of tube shaped cells throughout the plant
- phototropism
- growth of a plant part toward or away from light
- producers
- organism that makes its own food (autotroph) and produces organic molecules that serve as food for other organisms in its ecosystem
- food pyramid
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- evolution
- generation-to-generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population that account for all of the changes that have transformed life over an immense time
- behavioral isolation
- An isolating mechanism in which two allopatric species do not mate because of differences in courtship behavior
- polar zones
- the regions north of the Arctic Circle (66.5° N) and south of the Antarctic Circle (66.5° S), that receive the smallest amount of direct sunlight year-round
- kingdoms
- In biology, a kingdom or regnum is the top-level, or nearly the top-level, taxon of organisms in scientific classification
- function of each part of leaf
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- diagram of leaf
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- reproductive structure of fungus
- spores (haploid single cells w/ thick cell walls that function as the dispersal stage in reproduction); sporangia (asexually); zygosporangium (thick walled reproductive structure formed when the mycelia of 2 parents come together; fruiting body (large above ground reproductive structure
- food vacuole
- membrane-bound sac that buds from the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus
- producer
- organism that makes its own food (autotroph) and produces organic molecules that serve as food for other organisms in its ecosystem
- contractile vacuole
- vacuole found in some single-celled freshwater organisms
- ATP
- main energy source that cells use for most of their work
- ecological succession
- series of changes in the species in a community, often following a disturbance
- Importance of each group of microbes
- see 18.2
- primary succession
- process by which a community arises in a virtually lifeless area with no soil
- spores
- haploid single cell with a thick wall that functions in the dispersal stage in fungal reproduction
- population
- group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time
- secondary succession
- change following a disturbance that damages an existing community but leaves the soil intact
- meristem
- structure that generates new dermal, vascular, and ground tissue in a plant
- potential energy
- energy stored due to an object's position or arrangement
- virus parts
- DNA, Head (w/ protein coat); tail
- Galapagos Islands
- a group of islands in the Pacific off South America; owned by Ecuador; known for unusual animal life
- function of each part of flower
- stamens-male reproductive organs, carpels-female reproductive organs; endosperm-nutrient storing tissue; fruit-ripened ovary of flower
- gene frequency
- Thus, some alleles may become more common than others in the gene pool. In other words, there is a change in the frequency of alleles—how often certain alleles occur in the gene pool. This frequency is usually expressed as a decimal or a percentage,
- photosynthesis
- process by which plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
- lactic acid fermentation
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- virus
- package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat that must use a host cell's machinery to reproduce itself
- anaerobic fermentation
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- biodiversity
- variety of life on Earth
- domains
- broadest category used to classify life forms
- carbon dioxide
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- herbivore
- consumer that eats only producers
- ecological succession
- series of changes in the species in a community, often following a disturbance
- autotrophs
- organism that makes its own food
- moss
- bryophytes
- sporangia
- reproductive structures on a plasmodial slime mold; also called fruiting bodies (Concept 17.3); spore-forming structures at the tips of fungal hyphae
- coniferous forest
- forest populated by cone-bearing evergreen trees; mostly found in northern latitudes
- mycelia
- interwoven mat of hyphae that functions as the feeding structure of a fungus
- artificial selection
- selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits
- hydrotropism
- plant growth in response to water
- Levels of Classification
- Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- consumers
- organism that obtains food by eating producers (autotrophs) or other consumers
- oxygen
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- cellular respiration
- chemical process that uses oxygen to convert chemical energy stored in organic molecules into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- prey adaption
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- lichen
- mutualistic pairing of a fungus and an alga
- carnivore
- consumer that eats only other consumers
- nitrogen cycle
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- trophic level
- feeding level in an ecosystem
- J-curve
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- protists
- eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, a plant, or a fungus
- tropical rain forest
- type of forest near the equator that receives as much as 250 cm of rainfall yearly
- gene pool
- all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population
- tundra
- biome in the Arctic Circle or on high mountaintops, characterized by bitterly cold temperatures and high winds
- chlorophyll
- pigment that gives a chloroplast its green color; uses light energy to split water molecules during photosynthesis
- xylem
- vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots of a plant to the shoots
- introduced species
- species moved by humans to new geographic areas, either intentionally or accidentally
- commensalism
- symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other organism is neither harmed nor helped
- temperature zones
- latitudes between the tropics and polar regions in each hemisphere
- genetic drift
- change in the gene pool of a population due to chance
- fruit
- ripened ovary of a flower
- molecular evidence
- The molecular evidence includes the common genetic code shared by all species (Chapter 11). This genetic language has been passed along through all the branches of evolution. And, it has added to the evidence that supports evolution as an explanation for the unity and diversity of life.
- homologous structures
- similar structure found in more than one species that share a common ancestor
- food web
- pattern of feeding in an ecosystem consisting of interconnected and branching food chains
- flagella
- long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move
- lytic cycle
- a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses
- mutualism
- type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms involved benefit
- gibberellins
- plant hormone that stimulates growth of stems
- desert
- land area that receives less than 30 centimeters of rain per year
- eukaryote
- cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles
- fermentation
- cellular process of making ATP without oxygen
- chemical energy
- potential to perform work due to the arrangement of atoms within molecules
- species
- distinct form of life
- pigments
- chemical compound that determines a substance's color
- punctuated equilibrium
- evolutionary model suggesting species often diverge in spurts of relatively rapid change, followed by long periods of little change
- development of embryos
- Embryos of closely related organisms often have similar stages in development. All vertebrates, for example, have an embryonic stage in which pouches appear on the sides of the throat. At this stage, the embryos of fishes, frogs, snakes, birds, and primates look relatively alike. These different vertebrates take on more distinctive features as development progresses.
- hyphae
- a thread of cytoplasm; many hyphae together make up the body of a fungus
- photic zone
- regions of a body of water where light penetrates, enabling photosynthesis
- absorptive nutrition
- method by which fungi absorb small organic molecules from their surroundings
- decomposers
- organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms
- cilia
- short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface
- predator-prey
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- thigmotropism
- plant growth in response to touch
- tropics
- regions between 23.5° N latitude and 23.5° S latitude; warmest temperature zones on Earth
- lysogenic cycle
- a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA
- vaccines
- dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen (or part of a pathogen) used to stimulate a long-term immune defense against the pathogen
- symbiotic relationships (symbiosis)
- close interaction between species in which one species lives in or on the other
- solar energy
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- parasitism
- relationship in which a parasitic organism obtains its food at the expense of a host organism
- gymnosperm
- plant that bears seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary
- Beneficial uses of prokaryotes
- bioremidiation, oil spills, mining sites, antibiotics
- exponential growth
- growth of a population that multiplies by a constant factor at constant time intervals
- Charles Darwin
- English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection
- carrying capacity
- number of organisms in a population that an environment can maintain
- survival of the fittest
- The phrases "struggle for existence" and "survival of the fittest" are sometimes used to describe natural selection.
- pseudopods
- temporary extension of a cell's cytoplasm and plasma membrane; used by certain protozoans in movement and feeding
- deciduous forest
- enough precipitation to support large trees, many microorganisms, seasons
- gene flow
- exchange of genes between populations
- Gram stain
- staining that tells if a bacterium is gram positive or gram negative (postive has more peptidoglycan and one less outer membrane); positive is purple, negative is pink
- biomass
- organic material manufactured by producers
- kinetic energy
- energy of motion
- food chain
- pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another
- pesticide resistance in insects
- Pesticides are poisons used to kill insects that are pests in crops and in homes. Whenever a new type of pesticide is used to control agricultural pests, the story is usually the same. Early results are encouraging. A relatively small amount of poison dusted onto a crop may kill 99 percent of the insects. But later sprayings are less and less effective. For example, the flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) is a pest species that damages stored grain. In the early 1950s, the pesticide malathion was introduced to control these insects. At first only a small concentration of malathion was necessary to control them. Today, wild flour beetles are resistant to very high concentrations of malathion.
- detritus
- wastes and remains of dead organisms
- convergent evolution
- process in which unrelated species from similar environments have adaptations that seem very similar
- grassland
- deep, nutrient rich soil that supports a variety of grass species and other plants, winters colder than in the tropical savannas
- clade
- phylogenetic tree constructed from a series of two-way branch points, suggesting ancestral relationships among species
- protozoa
- animal-like protist; is a heterotroph
- reproductive isolation
- condition in which a reproductive barrier keeps two species from interbreeding
- budding
- a step in HIV creation in which new virus particles assemble and split off from the host cell
- aphotic zone
- deep areas of a body of water where light levels are too low to support photosynthesis
- pyramid of numbers
- representation of the number of individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem
- prokaryote
- cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles
- antibiotics
- medicine that kills or slows the growth of bacteria
- glucose
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- visible spectrum
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- descent with modification
- process by which descendants of ancestral organisms spread into various habitats and accumulate adaptations to diverse ways of life
- carbon-oxygen cycle
- process by which carbon moves from inorganic to organic compounds and back
- adaptive radiation
- evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments
- vestigial structures
- remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species
- bryophyte
- plant, such as a moss, lacking lignin-hardened vascular tissue
- Carolus Linnaeus
- the Swedish botanist who developed the system of classification in which a binomial was assigned to each species (genus and species within the genus)
- energy pyramid
- diagram representing energy loss from one trophic level to the next
- amount of ATP produced
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- scientific name
- The Latin name for the genus and species of an organism, designated by taxonomists
- natural selection
- process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals
- ovary
- in flowering plants, protective organ inside a flower that bears seeds
- algae
- plant-like protist; makes its own food by photosynthesis
- angiosperm
- flowering plant
- fern
- pteridophytes
- mycorrhizae
- symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots
- heterotrophs
- organism that obtains food by eating other organisms
- anaerobic
- without oxygen
- geographic isolation
- separation of populations as a result of geographic change or migration to geographically isolated places
- viral diseases (name a few)
- cowpox, cold, flu?
- phloem
- vascular tissue that transports food from a plant's leaves to its roots and other parts
- S-curve
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- diagram of flower
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- fossils
- preserved remains or marking left by an organism that lived in the past
- tropisms: negative and positive
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- alcoholic fermentation
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- seed
- plant embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coat
- aerobic
- requiring oxygen