Botany
Introduction to Plant Biology
Terms
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- Phylum Lycophyta
- SVP, have microphylls (single vascular trace; no leaf gap), sporangia on modified leaves (sporophylls), sporangia are axillary or cluster to form terminal strobilus
- gametophyte
- consists of haploid cells (one of two multicellular forms of a plant)
- Brown Algae
- multicellular algae; have heteromorphic generations, one gametophitic and one sporophitic phase
- Haptophytes
- yellow-brown algae; most live in tropic ocean, major global photosynthesis contributor, two disc-shaped chloroplasts, two flagella, one haptonema, form gelatinous colonies, phaseocystis produces UV absorbing chemicals, releases dimethylsulfide
- Phylum Gnetophyta
- Gymnosperms, most species have spearate pollen and seed-producing plants, angiosperm-like features
- heterotroph
- other-feeder; an organism that obtains food from other organisms
- alternation of generations
- the alternation of sporophyte and gametophyte life-forms during sexual reproduction in all plants
- challenges
- harvesting light energy; giving up sea of moderation, getting out of the water; staying wet when things get dry; dealing with gravity; divide and conquer; leveraging resources
- mixotroph
- an organism that has both autotrophic and heterotrophic capabilities
- Phylum Coniferophyta
- Gymnosperms, forests in cooler climates, tracheids to prevent freezing fro disrupting water flow, sporophylls mostly cones
- classification
- still influenced by culture of the time
- systematics
- the modern scientific study of the evolutionary relationships among organisms
- homology
- a structural likeness between corresponding parts of different organisms
- Genus Gnetum
- Gymnosperm, Phylum Gnetophyta: have form of double fertilization like angiosperms, broad leaves resemble those of angiosperms
- Gymnosperm
- non-flowering seeded plants, naked seeds, air pollenation, heterospory, gametophyte contained and dependent on sporophyte, secondary growth, developed vascular system and true roots, stems and leaves, produce seeds, not spores, gametophyte development, fertilization, and early sporophyte development all within parent sporophyte
- Phylum Psilotophyta
- SVP, do not have true roots (only rhizomes), small enations (nonvascularized flaps of green tissue) OR single-veined leaves
- Red Algae
- multicellular algae; complex life cycles, makes carrageenans and agar, one gametophitic and two sporophitic phases
- tepals
- collective term for when petals and sepals are indistinguishable
- similarities between Chlorophyta and Byrophytes
- shares cellulosic wall composition; features of cell division; phytochrome pigment present; chloroplasts have chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotinoids; chloroplast anatomy is similar (thylakoids stacked into grana)
- petals
- modified leaves; conspicuously coloured units of corolla
- Phylum Cycadophyta
- Gymnosperms, have cones, separated pollen (sperm flagellated) and seed-producing plants
- Phylum Pterophyta
- SVP, FERNS, earliest to have megaphylls (fronds), sporangia in groups called sori, heart-shaped gametophyte (prothalus) is photosynthetic
- cladistics
- a method of classifying organisms according to the order in time when homologies were inherited
- Phylum Ginkgophyta
- Gymnosperm, includes Ginkgo biloba, separate pollen and seed producing plants, female trees produce nauseating seed odour
- Byrophyte life cycle
- gametophytes approx 1cm long; produce mitotically derived male gametes in antheridia and one female gamete in archegonium; mitotic gametes can be produced on one plant (bisexual) or distinct male and female plants (unisexual); water required for fertilization of egg by sperm (male gametes); sporophyte remains attached to gametophyte; sporophyte gives rise to gametophytes through meiosis; can reproduce asexually
- Genus Araucaria
- Gymnosperm, Phylum Coniferophyta: includes monkey-puzzle tree
- Genus Welwitschia
- Gymnosperm, Phylum Gnetophyta: meristem at base of leaves, extremely drought tolerant
- sporophyte
- consists of diploid cells (one of two multicellular forms of a plant)
- Class Carophyceae
- unicellular, colonial, and multicellular; coleochaetales and charales are closest to plants among all algae, have common morphological features with vascular plants (apical growth, phragmoplasts, cell plates during mitosis, lignin-like compound, reproductive cells protected)
- Phylum Chlorophyta
- green multicellular algae; most live in fresh water, some terrestrial, have chlorophylls a and b, store starch inside plastids
- similarities between Vascular Plants and Byrophytes
- reproductive structures are protected; multicellular embryo protected in female plant; sporophyte produces spores through meiosis; sterile cell layer protects multicellular sporangia (hollow structures that contains spores)
- carpel
- from megasporangia, produces ovules, includes stigma and the ovary
- stamen
- from microsporangia, produces pollen, includes anther and filament
- autotroph
- self-feeder; an organism that can make its own food through photosynthesis
- stigma
- receptive surface for capturing pollen
- sepals
- modified leaves; outermost units of the calyx, encloses other flower parts in the bud
- differences between Vascular Plants and Byrophytes
- byrophytes have body structures anatomically similar to leaves/stems called thallus; anchoring structures called rhizoids (like roots, but DO NOT absorb); water-conducting cells called hydroids, food-conducting cells called leptoids; some have stomata for transpiration
- Bryophytes
- moss plants; liverworts, hornworts, and mosses; photosynthetic cells interspersed with non-photosynthetic cells; prevents decay due to acidity or inherent antimicrobial properties
- too much sun exposure solutions
- avoid the light; move chloroplasts; make protective chemicals or modify the environment
- Phylum Sphenophyta
- SVP, hollow, jointed stem, whorled microphylls at jounts, homosporous, gametophyte is bisexual and photosynthetic
- taxonomy
- the naming and classifying of species or a category in a formal system of classification
- Seedless Vascular Plants
- have lignins, have vascular system of phloem and xylem, waxy epidermis, still need water for fertilization, can produce one or two types of spores, sporophyte is dominant and gametophyte is independed at maturity
- Genus Ephedra
- Gymnosperm, Phylum Gnetophyta: have form of double fertilization like angiosperms, energy-booster
- Phylum Chromophyta
- yellow-green algae; most unicellular, but some multicellular/colonial, two flagella, chloroplasts mobile according to light intensity; reproduction mostly asexual (fragmentation or spores)
- phylogeny
- the evolutionary history of related species
- Euglena
- unicellular algae; most live in fresh water, have two flagella, have a pellicle, have an 'eye spot' and avoid bright light, some mixotrophic, and reproduce asexually
- Angiosperm
- flowering, seeded plants, seeds contained in ovary, deciduous, improved conducting tissue, co-evolved with insects and animals