Mrs. Smith Semester 2 Biology Final
Terms
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- Darwin
- his key theory: natural selection; studied finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands
- geographic isolation
- form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water
- prions
- self replicating proteins; causes other proteins to change shape (ex. Mad cow: sponge brains)
- Dicot
- angiosperm whose seeds have two cotyledons
- Stigma
- Sticky portion at the top of the style where pollen grains frequently land
- Fossils
- preserved remains or evidence from an ancient organism; used by Darwin as proof of evolution
- Exoskeleton
- external skeleton; tough external covering that protects and supports the body of some invertebrates
- pseudopod
- ~ projection of cytoplasm, or "false foot," used by some protists for feeding or movement
- euglena
- plant-like protists with two flagella and no cell wall
- paramecium
- animal-like protist; has cilia
- Ovary
- in plants. a flower structure that contains one or more ovules from which female gemetophytes are produced; in animals the female gonad that produces eggs
- Dorsal
- Back
- Population
- group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
- Bilateral
- 1 line of symmetry down the middle of an organism that produces two equal and identical parts
- prokaryote
- single celled microorganism that lacks a nucleus
- Root Hair
- tiny projection from the outer surface of epidermis of a root
- Phloem
- vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis
- Fruit
- wall of tissue surrounding an angiosperm seed
- Nitrogen Fixation
- process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia
- virus
- particle made up of a protein coat with nucleic acid inside (also sometimes contains lipids);can replicate only by infecting living cells
- Homozygote
- organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait
- Haploid
- term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only one set of genes
- Germ Layers
- tissue layer that will become an organ. -inside: endoderm; digestive tract -middle: mesoderm; bones/muscles -outer: ectoderm; skin and nerves
- Radial
- body parts repeat around the center of the body
- Ventral
- Belly, abdomen
- sporangia
- structures in ferns and some fungi that contain spores
- migration
- periodic movement and return of animals from one place to another
- Evolution
- change in a kind of organism over time due to the survival of the fittest; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient ones
- Parasite
- organism that lives within or on another organism and harms that organism by feeding on it
- Primary Growth
- type of plant growth that occurs at the tips of roots and shoots
- antibiotic
- compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria
- Transpiration
- loss of water from a plant through its leaves
- chitin
- complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods
- Heterozygote
- organism that was two different alleles for the same trait
- Fungi
- kingdom composed of heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter
- Eukaryote
- organism whose cell contains a nuclei
- bacillus
- rod-shaped prokaryote
- taxonomy
- discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name (binomial nomenclature, which is in Latin)
- species
- group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
- peptidoglycan
- protein-carbohydrate molecule in cell walls of eubacteria
- Monocot
- angiosperm whose seeds have one cotyledon
- flagella
- whip-like structures on some cells that are used for movement
- Secondary Growth
- pattern of plant growth in which stems increase in width
- coccus
- spherical prokaryote
- Natural Selection/ Survival of the Fittest
- process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive (by eating) and reproduce more successfully
- malaria
- caused by the sporozoan Plasmodium and is carried by the female Anopheles mosquito
- Invertebrate
- animal that does not have a backbone or vertebral column
- punctuated equilibrium
- pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by periods of more rapid change
- Posterior
- back
- Lichen
- symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
- Vertebrate
- an animal that has a vertebral column or backbone
- Detritus
- particles of organic material that provide food for organisms at the base of an estuary's food web
- amoeba
- unicellular, uses pseudopods for movement
- Convergent Evolution
- similar adaptations, different origins that occur from living under similar conditions (ex. whale (mammal) and shark (fish) both have fins, torpedo bodies, and are dark on top, light on bottom)
- speciation
- formation of new species
- pathogen
- disease causing agent, such as bacterium or fungus
- Herbivore
- Organism that obtains energy from eating only plants
- Hardy Weinburg
- allele frequencies in population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequency to change. Factors: 1. Large popultaion, 2. Random mating, 3. No migration, 4. No mutation, 5. No natural selection.
- Gymnosperm
- seed plant that bears its seeds directly on the surfaces of its cones
- Embryo
- early developmental stage of a sporophyte plant
- hyphae
- tiny filaments that make up a multicellular fungus (such as mushrooms) or water mold
- spore
- haploid reproductive cell
- Pollen
- a tiny structure in seed plants that contains the entire male gametophyte
- Bryophyte
- non vascular plant; mosses and their relatives
- Translocation
- movement of sugar in a plant from source to need (sink)
- mycelium
- many hyphae tangled together into a thick mass; comprises the body of mulicellular fungi
- Cuticle
- in plants, a thick waxy layer on exposed outer surfaces of cells that protects them against water loss and injury
- algae
- plant-like protist
- Pistil/Carpel
- innermost floral parts; produce the female gametophytes
- mycorrhizae
- symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots to increase surface area
- Apical Dominance
- phenomenon in which the closer a bud is to the stems tip, the more its growth is inhibited
- gram+ and gram-
- different colors of bacteria when stained, due to thickness of cell wall; gram+(violet) treated with simple antibiotics, gram- (pink) needs more powerful treatment
- Coevolution
- process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other
- Chemosynthetic
- making food without light
- Diploid
- term used to refer to a cell that contains bovth sets of homologous chromosomes
- biological hierarchy
- kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, family, species; from general to specific
- Stomata
- openings in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf
- genus
- group of closely related species, first part of the scientific name in binomial nomenclature
- Photosynthetic
- making food with light
- Guard Cells
- specializing in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure
- Blastula
- hollow ball of cells formed when a zygote undergoes a series of divisions
- Anther
- flower structure in which haploid male gametophytes are produced
- Filter Feeders
- Organisms that sift microscopic food particles from water; sponges, whales
- Alteration of Generations
- process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages in their life cycles
- spirillum
- spiral or corkscrew-shaped prokaryote
- heterotroph/consumer
- organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes
- autotroph/producer
- organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds
- Radioactive Isotopes
- isotopes with an unstable nuclei that break down at an unstable rate over time; used for carbon dating
- Angiosperm
- flowering plants; bears seeds within a layer of protective tissue
- Meristem
- meristematic tissue that is found only in the tips, shoots, and roots; responsible for plant growth
- Anterior
- front
- Miller & Urey
- tried to answer the question of how life started in early Earth conditions; did experiment in which amino acids accumulated from hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water; showed that organic compounds necessary for life could have arisen from the simpler compounds on a primitive Earth
- Xylem
- vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of the plant
- conjugation
- form of sexual reproduction in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information
- Competition
- organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time
- Genetic Drift
- random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
- cilia
- short hair-like projections similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells