Biology Regents Review
Terms
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- alveolus
- tiny air sacs at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur
- appendage
- structure, such as a leg or atenna, that extends from the body wall
- aquaculture
- the raising of aquatic organisms for human consumption
- abiotic factor
- physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem
- ascus
- structure within the fruiting body of an ascomycete (fungus) in which two nuceli of different mating types fuse
- active immunity
- immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response
- artery
- large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
- antibiotic
- compound that blocks growth and reproduction of bacteria
- axon
- long fiber that carries impluses away from the cell body of a neuron
- action potential
- reversal of charges across the cell membrane of a neuron; also called a nerve impulse
- ATP synthase
- large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP
- anther
- flower structure in which haploid male gametophytes are produced
- auxin
- substance produced in the tip of a seedling that stimulates cell elongation
- alternation of generations
- process in which many algae switch back and forth between haploid and diploid stages of their life cycles
- abdomen
- posterior part of an anthropod's body
- annual
- flowering plant that completes a life cycle within one growing season
- actin
- protein that mainly makes up the thin filaments in striations in skeletal muscle cells
- Animalia
- kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls
- atrium
- upper chamber of the heart that recieves and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle
- acellular slime mold
- slime mold that passes through a stage in which its cells fuse to form large cells w/ many nuclei
- angiosperm
- flowering plan; bears its seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed
- antigen
- substance that triggers an immune response
- antibody
- protein that helps destroy pathogens
- anaerobic
- process that does not require oxygen
- atom
- basic unit of matter
- apical dominance
- phenomenon in which the closer a bud is to the stem's tip, the more growth is inhibited
- amphibian
- vertabrate that, which some exceptions, lives in water as a larva and on land as an adult, breathes with lungs as an adult, has moist skin that contains mucous glands, and lacks scales and claws
- acid
- compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
- ascospore
- haploid spore produced within the adscus of ascomycetes (fungi)
- allele
- one of a number of different forms of a gene
- aorta
- large blod vessel in mammals through which blood travels after it leaves the left ventricle
- anthropoid
- primate group made up of humans, apes and most monkeys
- algal bloom
- an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of limiting nutrients
- anal pore
- region of the cell membrane of a ciliate where waste-containing food vacuoles fuse and are then emptied into the enviornment
- apical meristem
- group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots
- age-structure diagram
- graph of the numbers of males and females within different age groups of a population
- allergy
- overreaction of the immune system to antigens
- Archaea
- domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
- accessory pigment
- compound other than chlorophyll that absorbs light at different wavelengths than chlorophyll
- active transport
- energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
- aerobic
- process that requires oxygen
- agriculture
- the practice of farming
- autotroph
- organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer
- anticodon
- group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
- acetylcholine
- neurotransmitter that diffuses across a synapse and produces an impulse in the cells membrane of a muscle cell
- amoeboid movement
- type of locomotion used by amoebas
- adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
- abscission layer
- layer of cells at the petiole that seals off a leaf from the vascular system
- activation energy
- energy needed to get a reaction started
- asthma
- chronic respiratory disease in which the air passageways become narrower than normal
- archegonium
- female reproductive structure in some plants, including mosses and liverworts
- amino acid
- compound w/ an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end
- adaptation
- inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
- adaptive radiation
- process by which a single species/small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms
- autosome
- chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
- ADDING MORE LATER
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- anaphase
- the 3rd phase of mitosis during which the chromosome pairs seperate and move toward opposite poles
- asexual
- process by which a single parent reproduces by itself
- Archaebacteria
- kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan
- air sac
- one of several sacs attached to a bird's lungs in which air moves when a bird inhales; allows for the one-way flow of air through the respiratory system
- aggression
- threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another
- aphotic zone
- permanently dark layer of the oceans below the photic zone
- acoelomate
- animal lacking a coelom, or body cavity
- amniotic egg
- egg composed of shell and membranes that create a protected enviornment in which the embryo caan develop out of the water
- atherosclerosis
- condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
- addiction
- uncontrollable dependence on a drug
- artificial selection
- selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms
- antheridium
- male reproductive structure in some algae and plants
- acid rain
- rain containing nitric and sulfuric acids
- anus
- opening through which wastes leave the digestive tract
- archaeocyte
- specialized cell in a sponge that makes spicules
- adhesion
- attraction between molecules of different; in plants, attraction between unlike molecules
- amylase
- enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches