Youth Culture Final
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- Youth did not emerge until...?
- World War II
- During the Victorian and Edwardian times it was common for youth to work as
- Apprentices and servants
- The craft and trade apprentices allowed for youth to develop...?
- Peer group and identity
- What us "chavivari"?
- Noisy public demonstration used to humiliate in front of the community
- What was the point of chavivari?
- Social Control for those that departed from the norm
- Who first defined the term youth?
- Rousseau
- What was the human-life cycle?
- Idea that there are discrete and autonomous stages and each cycle presents its own problems
- 3 key characteristics of Medieveal & Early Modern Society?
- Low life expectancy, high rate of fertility, and a brief period between infancy and adulthood
- Who identified youth as an age-category
- G. Stanley Hall
- What were Hall's 4 main stages and the ages for each?
-
Stage 1: Infancy - birth until 4
Stage 2: Childgood- 4 until 8
Stage 3: Youth- 8 until 12
Stage 4: Adolescence- 12 until 22 or 25 - Freud's 4 psychosexual stages
- oral, anal, phallic, and latency
- Erikson had how many stages of psychosocial development?
- 8
- Erikson's 5th stage was known as?
- Adolescence
- Erikson identified youth as a...
- identity crisis
- Erikson =
- psychosocial development
- Three theories of youth
- Biological determinism, social constructionist, and conflict theories
- What is biological determinism?
- Difference between children and adults
- What is social constructionist theory?
- Ways in which individuals and groups participate in the creation of their perceived reality
- What is conflict theories?
- Marxist. Changes in industrialization created conflict
- Teenage years are...(2)
- Socially and psychologically vulnerable
- After WWII youth was identified as a
- distinct social group
- From 20th century onward the transition from childhood to adulthood became institutionalized. Examples?
- Legal ages: drinking, smoking, driving.
- Term "youth culture" was first used in ___ by ___
- 1942. Talcott Parsons
- Term teenagers was coined in the 1940's by
- American market researchers
- 6 factors that lead to the expansion of the youth market
- records, pop stars, film industry, radio, television, media
- 3 places youth were more visible as a group
- education, youth service, national service
- What was youth service?
- Voluntary youth service
- 2 Major education reform acts and what they did
- 1944 education act- raised age to leave school to 15. 1973 education act- raised age to leave school to 16
- What was the national service?
- compulsory service registration for youth
- Working class youth were seen as potentially...
- deviant
- Middle class youth workers sought solutions such as
- rehabilitation and treatment/cure not punishment
- 4 youth organizations
- Boys' Brigade, Boy scouts, YMCA, Mission and Boys' clubs (poorer city areas)
- 4 reasons war was blamed for juvenile delinquency
- Evacuation and interruption of schooling, effects of bombing, absent fathers and working mothers, breakdown of socialization process
- Study of subculture in Britain emerged from...
- America: Chicago School of Sociology
- Merton's 5 points
- Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion
- Cloward and Ohlin's 3 types of deliquent youth
- Criminal subculture, conflict subculture, retreatism subculture.
- Example of each of Cloward and Ohlin's types of del. youth
- Criminal- Theft and illegal means of money. Conflict- Violence as a way of winning. Retreatism- Consumption of drugs
- Three Cohens
- Albert, Phil, Stanley
- Albert Cohen's 2 main theories
- Deliquent subcultures provide an alternative source of status and respect for w/c boys. Subcultural response and solution to poverty, low status, and lack of opportunities
- Albert Cohen's three modes of adaptation
- Acceptance of middle class rules, Acceptance of "corner boy" role, and deliquent response.
- Phil Cohen looked at ___ after ___
- Changes in working class lif; 1945
- 4 main things Phil Cohen looked at
- Extended kinship networks, local economy, local pub and corner shop, and re-housing/re-development
- 3 main impacts of the mass media
- Representation of youth in cinema, press coverage of incidents, moral panics
- First British youth subcultures and decades
-
The Teddy Boys- Early 1950s
Mods and Rockers- Early 1960s - Stanley Cohen studied the
- Mod and Rockers
- Counterculture was (3)
- Anti-establishment, non-conformist, bohemian
- Foundation of the counterculture was
- Harlem renaissance (African-American poets and writers)
- Who coined the phrase the "beat generation"
- Jack Kerouac
- The "Beat" culture was based on
- jazz, poetry, literature, and drugs
- Meaning of the word "beat"
- meaning exhausted, overcome by hardwork or difficulty
- The beats rejected the ... and created...
- middle class way of life; alternative lifestyle
- Beats=Beatnik
- Herb Caen
- Examples of British bohemians (4)
- John Osborne, John Wain, Kingsley Amis, Colin Wilson
- What does avant-garde mean?
- French term meaning new and innovative
- What is the origin of the word hippie
- from hipster, African-Americans in the 1940s
- Hippie as defined in 1965
- Young person, preaching a philosophy of "love and peace" and using drugs
- When was the term flower child first used
- 1967
- Hippies revolted against...with an emphasis on..
- parent culture; play
- 6 factors that influenced revolution (counterculture)
-
-Growing social and political conflict
-Low economic growth rate
-"Wild cat" strikes
-Protests against Vietnam War
-Legalization of cannabis
-Student protests - What was the CND? When was it formed? Why did it attract youth?
- Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. 1958. Provided public forum for youthful rebellion.
- Changes in the 1970s
- brought a halt to social transformation through youth
- In the past young women have been...
- Hidden from history
- Studies on females only related to ...(examples)
- Sexual Deviance, "flappers", teenage pregnancy, STDs, prostitution
- What was the main difference between the hipsters and the beats?
- Hipsters tended to be lower class. Beats tended to be middle class
- 3 distinctive black youth cultures?
- rastafarianism, black power, hip hop and rap
- What was the main idea of rastafarian?
- Descendents of Black race would return to homeland
- 3 things black power was a response to?
- Oppresion, inequality, raising of black consciousness
- What year was the National Front formed in?
- 1967
- What was the trial of Mangrove 9?
- Police raided the place 3 times. On the third time they were charged with serving food after 11.
- Who was Enoch Powell?
- He argued the flow of immigration should slow down.
- 1970s black youth were seen as a ...
- social problem
- What created moral panics against black youth in the 1970s
- muggings
- Type of music that came to Britain in the 1950s
- Bhangra
- Drug users began with a...moved into...and then the...
- small group; youth subcultures; mainstream
- Early drug takers were (2)
- Dealing with pain, artistic/aristocratic
- Early 20th century drugs users would...and it was not seen as...
- write about experience; morally wrong
- World's first trip (LSD) was
- April 1943
- LSD stands for
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
- Who developed LSD? Where was he from?
- Albert Hoffman. Switzerland
- The CIA used LSD as a
- truth syrum
- Who was Timothy Leary? What did he lead?
- Harvard professor who gave magic mushrooms to his theology students for a research project. Lead the psychadelic crusade
- Who was Alllen Ginsburg? What was the opening line of his most famous work?
- American Beat Poet who wrote the poem howl with the opening line "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness".
- Who founded the World Psychadelic Centre in London in 1965?
- Michael Hollingshead
- What is normalization?
- How subcultures or their deviant behaviour is able to be accomodated into larger groups or society.