Fish Chapter 1-8
Terms
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- Species
- Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
- Systematics
- The study of relationships postulated to exist among species or higher taxa such as family and orders
- Taxonomy
- The theory and practice of describing biodiversity (including naming undescribed species, arrange diversity into classifications and devising identification keys.)
- Cladistics
- A method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms. Basic idea: members of a group share a common evolutionary history and are "closely" more so that other memers of the same groups than other organisms.
- Synapomorphies
- Shared derived characteristics
- Apomorphies
- Advanced characteristics
- Plesiomorphies
- Ancestral characteristics
- Symplesiomorphies
- shared ancestral characteristics
- Autopormorphies
- unique characteristics
- Parsimony
- The simplest explanation of a theory
- Monophyletic
- Common ancestor and babies
- Paraphyletic
- All in a group except one
- Polyphyletic
- Descended or derived from more than one ancestral stock or source.
- Meristic
- countable
- Morphometric
- measurable
- Anatomical
-
Finshape, scale type, vertebra shape, vascular divisions, muscle divisions
(taxonomic) - Osteology
- Study of bones
- Neurocranium
- holds brain, two divisions
- Chondrocranium
- bones of bone progenitor cells
- Dermatochranium
- bones make of skin progenitor cells
- Branchiocranium/visceral cranium
-
Series of exoskeletal arches that originally formed as gill arch supports, holds jaw and gill
-5 arches - Mandibular Arch
-
Branchiocranium
bones that form the upper jaw - Palatine Arch
-
Branchiocranium
bones that form the roof the fishes mouth; often have teeth - Hyoid Arch
-
Branchiocranium
bones that support the lower jaw and opperculum - Hyoid Bones
- connect the neurocranium to the branchiocranium
- Opercular Arch
-
Branchiocranium
bones that form the opperculum (gill cover) - Branchial Arch
-
Branchiocranium
bones that support the gills - Evolution of the jaw
- first arch became jaw, shark lower jaw, gill arches go from 9 to 4 or 5
- Canine
- large conical teeth frequently located in the corners of the mouth
- Villiform
- small fine teeth
- Molariform
- pavement like crushing teeth
- Cardiform
- fine pointed teeth, (as in pike) like a hairbrush
- Incisor
- large teeth with flat cutting surfaces
- Axial Skeleton
- The bones constituting the head and trunk of a vertebrate body.
- Notochord
-
A linear group of cells that form the axis of a vertebrate. Most animals loose most of the notochord which becomes the disks between vertebra.
Sharks, Lungfish, Sturgeon, paddlefish and coelacanth fishes have retained a complete notochord. - Interneural Bones
- around spinal?
- Interhaemal
- fin rays
- Pectoral Girdle
-
Attached to the skull by the post-temporal bone.
-not attached to vertebral column
-for pectoral fins? - Pelvic Girdle
-
Free floating in their abdoment, attached by muscle, some abdominal position, thorasic position, or jugular position
-in sharks, the girdle is isochiopubic cartilage which is fixed in muscles. - Medial Fins
-
-First dorsal
-Second dorsal
-Dorsal finlet (scrombroids)
-Anal
-Adipose - Paired
-
-Pectoral
-Pelvic - Epidermis
- outside layer of skin, no blood
- Dermis
-
Inside layer of skin, vascularized
-collagen - Dermis structures
-
-mucin
-hagfish (thread cells=first mucous glands)
-Photopores=produce bioluminescence
-Chromatophores=color - Placoid
- Sharks, diamond shaped, come to a point in the middle
- Cosmoid
- Fossils, large plate-like
- Ganoid
- usually rhomboidal in shape, bowfin, sturgeon, gar, epidermal checkered pattern
- Cycloid
- Dermal scale, regular type, round and paritally embeded
- Ctenoid
- Round with comblike protrusions
- -ifmores
- orders
- -oidei
- suborders
- -idea
- family
- -inea
- subfamily
- -ini
- tribe
- Principle of Priority
- States the the first validly described name for a taxon is the name to be used
- Heuristic Model
- Of or relating to a usually speculative formulation serving as a guide in the investigation or solution of a problem: “The historian discovers the past by the judicious use of such a heuristic device as the ‘ideal type’
- Nonskeletal
- associated with the gut and involuntary action
- Cardiac
- nonskeletal, striated, intertwined cells found only in heart
- Skeletal
- voluntary, striated, 40-60% of fishes' mass.
- Myomeres
- A muscular segment; one of the zones into which the muscles of the trunk, especially in fishes, are divided;
- expaxial
- above axis
- hypaxial
- below axis
- supracarnalis
- top keel
- infracarnalis
- bottom keel
- red lateral muscles
- most of sustained muscles w/ mitochondria and vascularized
- Protractors
- erect single fins
- Retractors
- depress single fins
- Lateral Inclinators
- bend soft rays
- Abductors
- pull paired fins away from the body
- Adductors
- pull paired fins toward the body
- Tuna lateral rectus
- muscles used by some scrombridae as heater organ to keep eye warm, burn glucose
- Electric southern Stargazer
- Upper edges of the four uppermost eye muscles form an electric organ, produce enough electricy to stun a human
- Electroplax
- Electric muscle tissue
- Duct of Cuvier
- The vein leading into the heart
- Sinus venosus
- Thin walled, non muscular, 1st chamber
- Atrium
- weakly muscular (2nd)
- Ventricle
- Highly muscular
- Bulbous Arteriosis
- 4th chamber in telost heart, elastic
- Conus Arteriosis
- 4th heart chamber in sharks
- Ventral Aorta
- Artery leaving the heart
- Hagfish heart
-
1. cardial -to head
2. branchial -to gills
3. portal -to viscera
4. two caudal -blood back from tail - Gas Bladder
- Gas filled sac located between the alimentary canal and the kidney. Filled with O2, CO2, and N. Controls bouyancy and aids in hearing, respiration.
- Pneumatic Duct
- Connection between gas bladder and gut (physostomic)
- Physostomic
- connected gas bladder
- Physoclistic
- unconnected gas bladder
- Rete mirable
- looping bundle of capillaries associated with the gas gland that functions as a countercurrent multiplier.
- Oval
- Resorptive region of the gas bladder, evolved from degeneration of the pneumatic duct and is highly vascularized
- Anterior Kidney
- hematopoesis
- Posterior Kidney
-
Filter solutes
Calcium regulation
Produce blood cells
Remove excess water
Remove metabolic wastes - Pronephros
- primative kidney