neuroanatomy2 4-14
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- Where is the primary motor cortex (M1) located?
- posterior aspect of frontal lobe (4)
- Where is the primary visual cortex (V1) located?
- most posterior aspect of occipital lobe
- What are the Brodman's Area designations for S1, M1, V1?
- S1: 3, 1, 2; M1: 4; V1: 17
- What is the role of Broca's area? where is it located?
- inferior frontal gyrus (44, 45); mediates motor speech (production)
- What is the role of Wernicke's area? Where is it located?
- superior temporal gyrus (22); mediates speech comprehension
- What is a consequence of a lesion in: Broca's area?
- motor (expressive, nonfluent) aphasia; BROca's BROken speech
- What is a consequence of a lesion in: Wernicke's area?
- sensory (fluent, receptive) aphasia; Wernicke is Wordy but makes no sense
- What is a consequence of a lesion in: Arcuate fasciculus?
- conduction aphasia: poor repetition w/ good comprehension and fluent speech
- What is a consequence of a lesion in: Amygdala?
- Kluver-Bucy syndrome: hyperorality, hypersexuality
- What is a consequence of a lesion in: Right parietal lobe?
- spatial neglect syndrome (contralateral)
- What is a consequence of a lesion in: Mammillary bodies?
- Wernicke-Korsakoff's encephalopathy: anterograde amnesia (think alcoholism)
- What is a consequence of a lesion in: Cerebellar vermis?
- Truncal ataxia and dysarthria
- What is a consequence of a lesion in: Cerebellar hemisphere?
- Limb ataxia and intention tremor
- What is a consequence of a lesion in: Reticular activating system?
- Coma
- Name five nerves and one vessel that pass through the cavernous sinus.
- CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI; internal carotid artery
- Name three structures passing through optic canal (one nerve, two vessels).
- CN II, ophthalmic artery, central retinal vein
- Name five structures passing through superior orbital fissure (four nerves, one vessel).
- CN III, IV, V1, VI; ophthalmic vein
- Name the foramina of exit for each division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).
- Standing Room Only: V1 = Superior orbital fissure; V2 = foramen Rotundum; V3 = foramen Ovale
- Name four structures passing through the jugular foramen (three nerves, one vessel).
- CN IX, X, XI; jugular vein
- Name structures passing through foramen magnum.
- brain stem, vertebral arteries, spinal roots of CN XI
- Name two nerves passing through internal auditory meatus.
- CN VII, VIII
- Describe the innervation of the extraocular muscles.
- LR6SO4R3 : Lateral Rectus = CN VI, Superior Oblique = CN IV, and the Rest are CN III
- List in sequence the nerves, brain structures, and muscles involved in the pupillary light reflex from illumination of one eye to bilateral pupillary constriction.
- Light => retina => optic nerve => optic chiasm => optic tract => prectectal nuclei (synapse) => Edinger-Westphal nuclei (synapse) => oculomotor nerve => ciliary ganglion (synapse) => pupillary constrictor muscles
- What is the characteristic lesion in internuclear ophthalmoplegia?
- destruction of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) => medial rectus palsy on attempted lateral gaze
- Name three characteristic clinical features of internuclear ophthalmoplegia.
- 1. On attempted lateral gaze, contralateral eye fails to abduct past midline; 2. Contralateral nystagmus on attempted lateral gaze; 3. Normal convergence
- What neurologic disease is commonly associated with internuclear ophthalmoplegia (aka MLF syndrome)?
- multiple sclerosis; think MLF = MS
- Name the visual field defect associated with a lesion of each of the following structures: Right optic nerve
- Right anopsia
- Name the visual field defect associated with a lesion of each of the following structures: Optic chiasm
- Bitemporal hemianopsia
- Name the visual field defect associated with a lesion of each of the following structures: Rigth optic tract
- Left homonymous hemianopsia
- Name the visual field defect associated with a lesion of each of the following structures: Right Meyer's loop (temporal lesion)
- Left upper quadrantic anopsia
- Name the visual field defect associated with a lesion of each of the following structures: Right Meyer's loop
- Left upper quadrantic anopsia
- Name the visual field defect associated with a lesion of each of the following structures: Right dorsal optic radiation
- Left lower quadrantic anopsia
- Classify each cranial nerve (1-12) according to its function as a sensory nerve, a motor nerve, or both.
- Mnemonic: Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter Most
- Name the cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles.
- Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens (VI)
- Name the cranial nerves that innervate the facial muscles (extraocular muscles excluded).
- Trigeminal (V): mastication; Facial (VII): facial movement
- Name the cranial nerves associated with sight, smell, hearing, and taste.
- sight: optic (II); smell: olfactory (I); hearing: vestibulocochlear (VIII); taste: facial (VII) for ant. 2/3 of tongue and glossopharyngeal (IX) for post 1/3
- Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
- III, IV, V1, VI
- Which cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory meatus?
- VII, VIII
- Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?
- IX, X, XI
- Which cranial nerves exit the brainstem caudal to the pons?
- Cranial nerves IX (VIII at jnx) through XII
- Which cranial nerves exit the brainstem rostral to the pons?
- Cranial nerves I through IV
- Which cranial nerves are associated with the cerebellopontine angle?
- CN VII, VIII, and IX
- What is the main location of CSF return via the arachnoid granulations?
- superior sagittal sinus
- Describe the route of CSF from the superior sagittal sinus to the internal jugular vein.
- superior sagittal sinus => confluence of sinuses => transverse sinus => sigmoid sinus => internal jugular vein (via jugular foramen)
- Which three sinuses combine to form the confluence of sinuses?
- superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, occipital sinus
- Homunculus is the topographical representation of the body that exists in what 2 areas of the cerebral cortex?
- Sensory and Motor areas
- Sensation for ____(What part of the body) is generally located superior medially on the primary sensory cortex while ____ is located more laterally
- Lower limbs, Head and neck
- Lesion at the anterior cerebral artery will canse deficit in sensation or movement in which part of the body?
- Lower limbs
- Which artery supplies the medial surface of the brain, leg-foot area of motor and sensory cortices?
- Anterior cerebral artery
- If you suspect a lesion in both Broca's and Wernecke's areas, a lesion in which artery could be the cause?
- Middle cerebral artery