neuroanatomy 4/14
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- Recurrent Laryngeal nerve The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve?
- CN X
- Recurrent Laryngeal nerve Which muscles does it supply?
- intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle
- Recurrent Laryngeal nerve What structure does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?
- right subclavian artery
- Recurrent Laryngeal nerve What structure does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?
- arch of the aorta and the ligamentum arteriosum
- Recurrent Laryngeal nerve In what kind of surgery can this nerve be damaged in?
- thyroid surgery
- Recurrent Laryngeal nerve What happens when this nerve gets damaged?
- hoarseness
- Name the layers of the scalp
- skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium (SCALP)
- Name the meninges.
- Dura, arachnoid, and pia (DAP)
- Recurrent Laryngeal nerve What space is found between the dura and arachnoid?
- subdural space
- Between what meninges is the subarachnoid space located?
- between the arachnoid and the pia
- What is found in the subarachnoid space?
- CSF
- In which scalp layer are the emissary veins found?
- loose connective tissue
- Nerve Injury Injury to what nerve causes loss of dorsiflexion of foot
- common peroneal (L4-S2) (PED = Peroneal Everts and Dorsiflexes)
- Nerve Injury Injury to what nerve causes loss of plantar flexion
- tibial (L4-S3) (TIP = Tibial Inverts and Plantarflexes; if injured, can't stand on TIPtoes)
- Nerve Injury Loss of Knee Jerk?
- Femoral (L2-L4)
- Nerve Injury Loss of hip adduction? Roots?
- Obturator (L2-L4)
- Nerve Injury In adults, where does the spinal cord end?
- L1-L2
- Nerve Injury Where does the subarachnoid space end?
- S2
- Nerve Injury divide the 31 spinal nerves into their divisions
- 8Cs, 12Ts, 5Ls, 5Ss, 1 coccygeal
- What cell is responsible for physical support and repair, as well as K+ metabolism
- astrocytes
- what are the phagocytic cells of the nervous system
- microglia
- what cells produce myelin in the CNS
- oligodendricytes
- what cells produce myelin in the PNS
- Schawnn cells
- What three structures form the BBB
- Choroid plexus epithelium, Intracerebral capillary endothelium, Arachnoid (remember CIA)
- Do nonpolar/lipid soluble substances or polar, water-soluble substances pass through the BBB more easily?
- Nonpolar/lipid soluble
- Why is L-dopa, not dopamine, the treatment of choice in Parkinson's Disease
- L-dopa crosses the BBB
- What are the functions of the hypothalamus (7)
- Thirst, Adenohypophysis control, Neurohypophysis hormone synthesis, Hunger, Autonomic regulation (including circadian rhythms), Temperature regulation, Sexual urges (TAN HATS)
- anterior hyporthalamus control function?
-
Cools body when hot.
Anterior Cooling = A/C - Does the posterior hypothalamus control heat conservation?
- Yes, think no Posterior hypothalamus = poikilotherm (cold blooded snake)
- Which nucleus is responsible for hunger?
- Lateral nucleus
- Which nucleus is responsible for satiety?
- ventromedial nucleus (without which you grow ventrally and medially
- Which nuclei of the hypothalamus project axons into the posterior pituitary?
- supraoptic nuclei (ADH) and paraventricular nuclei (oxytocin)
- What is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?
- Visual pathway (remember Lateral is needed to Look)
- What is the function of the medial geniculate nucleus?
- Auditory pathway (remember Medial is to hear Music)
- Function of the ventral posterior nucleus, lateral part (VPL)?
- receives body senses (proprioception, pressure, pain, touch, vibration)
- Function of the ventral posterior nucleus, medial part (VPM)?
- receives facial sensations, including pain
- Ventral Nuclei (VA/VL) functions?
- Motor
- What are the functions of the limbic system?
- Feeding, Fighting, Feeling, Flight, and Sex (the five Fs)
- What two areas does the hippocampus project to?
- the subiculum (mammillary nuclei) and the septal area
- Trace the pathway from Mammillary body to hippocampus.
- Mammillary body, anterior nucleus of thalamus, cyngulate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus
- Basal ganglia Describe the primary function fo the basal ganglia.
- The basal ganglia mediates voluntary movements and postural adjustments
- Basal ganglia What are the roles of the direct and indirect pathways?
- Indirect pathway inhibits movement; Direct pathway facilitates movement.
- Basal ganglia Delineate the flow of processing in the direct pathway.
- Putamen (inhibitory) => Gpi (inhibitory) => Thalamus: inhibition of Gpi => activation of thalamus
- Basal ganglia Delineate the flow of processing in the indirect pathway.
- Putamen (inhibitory) => GPe (inhibitory) => {STN (excitatory)=>GPi (inhibitory)} =>Thalamus; induces excitation of Gpi => inhibition of thalamus
- What is the anatomical defect in Parkinson's Dz?
- Loss of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine output to putamen => activation of indirect pathway and inhibition of direct pathway
- What is the clinical presentation and cause of chorea?
- sudden, jerky, purposeless movements; caused by basal ganglia lesionChorea= dancing, think choreography
- What is the clinical presentation and cause of athetosis?
- slow, writhing movements, especially of fingers; caused by basal ganglia lesion
- What is the clinical presentation of hemiballismus?
- sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm; half ballistic= as in throwing a baseball
- What is the anatomical defect in hemiballismus?
- contralateral subthalamic nucleus lesion
- Where is the primary sensory cortex (S1) located?
- anterior aspect of parietal lobe