APES
Terms
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- Intraspecific
- competition between members of the same species
- Mechanical
- structural difference prevent and maintain
- Constancy
- The condition or quality of being constant; changelessness
- Parasites
- organisms that feed on a host without killing the host
- Ecotones
- boundaries between adjacent communities
- Microevolution
- is defined as the change of allele frequencies (that is, genetic variation due to processes such as selection, mutation, genetic drift, or even migration) within a population
- Temporal
- different timing for feeding and/or breeding
- Niche
- the role an organism plays in their ecosystem
- Stability
- a dynamic equilibrium among the physical and biological factors in an ecosystem or a community
- Genetic Diversity
- measures variety of difference of same genes
- Territoriality
- intense competition in which organisms define an area as theirs and defend it against others
- Uniform
- competition
- Directional Selection
- changes towards a new optimum, may create a new species
- Permian Period
- 95% of marine species and nearly half of all plant and animal families died out
- CITES
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 1975 it is a step toward worldwide protection of endangered flora and fauna.
- Predator
- feed directly upon another living organism
- Mutualism
- both benefit
- Co-Evolution
- process through which species exert selective pressure on each other
- Resource Partitioning
- allows several of the same species to use the same resources but at different times, locations and in different ways
- Species Diversity
- measures number of different kinds of organisms with a community
- Species Richness
- total number of species in a community
- Open Communities
- gradual or indistinct boundaries
- Macroevolution
- evolutionary change at the species level or higher, that is, the formation of new species, new genera, and so forth
- Keystone Species
- a species whose presence or absence from a community greatly impacts the other species
- Endangered Species Act
- regulates a wide range of activities involving endangered species, taking, selling, importing or exporting, possessing, transporting and shipping
- Resiliency
- ability of a community or ecosystem to recover from disturbances
- Ecological Barriers
- when two members have different niches
- Disruptive Selection
- separates the population into two groups' if these two groups become two new species it is called radiative evolution; ex. Darwin's finches
- Lamarck
- inheritance of acquired characteristics, can pass on physical or behavioral changes gained during their lifetime through exercise or experience
- Edge Effects
- boundary between one habitat and its neighbors
- Theory of Island Biogeography
- the study of rates of colonization and extinction of species on islands or other isolated areas based on size, shape, and distance from other in-habitated regions
- Clustered/Clumped
- protection, mutual assistance, reproduction, access to resources
- Random
- based on resource availability
- Gap Analysis
- conservationists and wildlife managers look for unprotected landscapes that are rich in species
- Abundance
- total number of organisms in a community
- Mutations
- changes in genetic material
- Stablizing Selection
- eliminates extremes such that members become more alike
- Commensalism
- one benefits, the other doesn't care
- Fire Climax Communities
- shaped and maintained by periodic fires
- Gene Pool
- The collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing organisms
- Closed Communities
- community sharply divided from neighbors
- Symbiosis
- intimate living together of members of two or more species in a similar habitat
- Law of Competitive Exclusion
- no two species may occupy the exact same niche
- Specialists
- only thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and/or have a limited diet
- Ecological structure
- patterns of spatial distribution of individuals and populations within a community
- Threatened
- those likely to become endangered, at least locally, in the near future
- Net Primary Productivity
- the energy left after respiration
- Divergent Evolution
- is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of different groups of the same species adapting to different environments, leading to mutations
- Generalists
- able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources
- Geographic Isolation
- mountain ranges, splitting of continents, changing climate, rising sea levels, drying of lakes
- Interspecific
- competition between members of different species
- Mullerian mimicry
- two unpalatable species evolve to look alike
- Vulnerable
- those that are naturally rare or have been locally depleted to a level that puts them at risk
- Diversity
- measure of the number of different species, niches, or genetic variation present
- Reproductive Isolation
- anything the prevents gene flow between members of a species
- Habitat
- the place or set of environmental conditions in which an organisms lives
- Critical Factors
- affects the distribution and abundance of a species more than any other factors
- Lichens and White Pine
- indicators of air pollution because they are sensitive to sulfur dioxide and acid rain
- Convergent Evolution
- species exert selective pressure on each other
- Ecological Diversity
- measures richness and complexity of a community
- Cretaceous
- 50% of dinosaurs of existing genera disappeared
- Extinction
- elimination of a species
- Tolerance Limits
- minimum and maximum limits of an environmental fact, above or below which an organism can't survive
- Behavorial
- species with elaborate courtship behavior
- Primary Productivity
- rate of biomass production (indicates the rate of solar energy conversion to chemical energy)
- Shannon Weiner Index
- one of several diversity indices used to measure diversity in categorical data. It is simply the Information entropy of the distribution, treating species as symbols and their relative population sizes as the probability.
- Ecological Development
- process of environmental modification by organisms
- Complexity
- number of species at each trophic level and the number of trophic levels in a community
- Specialists
- rarer, less resilient to change and have a narrow niche
- Batesian Mimicry
- harmless species evolve characteristics to mimic those that are harmful
- Species Eveness
- relative abundance of individuals within each species
- Generalists
- can eat lots of different food and live in broad range of habitats
- Endangered
- considered in imminent danger of extinction