historyvocab/Ch4/8thgrade

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Why were kitchen usually in a separate building?: The kitchens were usually in a separate building so that if there was a fire - only the kitchen was lost. Kitchen fires happedned frequently.
What were the Indians' tactics in the early part of the war?: They included: ambushing the enemy, raiding frontier farms, and killing settlers. They also burned farmhouses and crops and drove many families back towards the coast.
back country: area of hills and forest west of the tide water
Which side did the Iroquois eventually side with?: they finally gave trading rights to the British and reluctantly became their allies.
Who suggested the Albany Plan of Union?: Benjamin Franklin
How did the colonists react to the Navigation Acts?: They ignored these acts and began smuggling or trading illegally with other nations.
What was the significance of Pitt's decision?: He wanted to conquer French Canada. His tactics allowed the British to overtake Fort Duquesne - forcing the French to abandon the fort which was then renamed Fort Pitt.
Who became king after Charles II's death?: James II
Why did plantation owners control the colonies?: because they had greater wealth and more influence - thus they controlled the economic and political life of the region.
What was the French response to Washington's message?: it did no good as the French stated, "it was their absolute design to take possession of the Ohio, and by God they would do it."
alliance: a close association of nations or other groups formed to advance common interest or causes
Why did several of the colonies meet in Albany, New York in June 1754?: they (representatives from New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland) met to discuss the threat of war. They wanted to find a way for the colonies to defend themselves against the French.
What 5 groups made up the Iroquois Confederacy?: 1) Mohawk 2) Seneca 3) Cayuga 4) Onondaga, and 5) Oneida
What were the 3 types of colonies?: 1) Charter 2) royal 3) Proprietary
In which colony did most German immigrants settle?: Pennsylvania
Describe New England towns:: well-organized towns. There was a meetinghouse in the center of town - used for church services and town meetings. The meetinghouse would face a piece of land called the green or common - where cows grazed and the citizen army trained. Farmers lived in the town and worked in fields on its outskirts. Farming was the main activity - but New England farms were smaller due to the long winters and the thin, rocky soil.
apprentice: person who learns a trade of a skilled craftsman
What was the second college in America (and the first in the south)?: William and Mary
How did the Iroquois Confederacy stay independent?: by trading with both the British and the French. It skillfully played the British and the French against each other and thus dominated the area around the Great Lakes.
smuggling: trading goods with other countries illegally
Which colony did not have a bicameral legislature?: Maryland???
cash crop: farm crop to be sold for money
What three ministers were mostly responsible for the Great Awakening?: 1) Jonathan Edwards 2) 3)
charter colony: a colony established by a group of people who had been given a formal document allowing them to settle
Who was William Pitt and what was his importance?: He was first the British secretary of state and then the prime minister. He was important because he was an outstanding military planner and he knew how to pick skilled commanders. He decided that Great Britain would pay for the war.
Describe the growth in population of the colonies from the beginning to the end of the colonial period.: The number of people rose significantly from 250,000 in 1700 to approximately 2.5 million by the mid-1770s. The population of African Americans increased even faster - from about 28,000 to more than 500,000. Reasons for the growth included 1) immigration 2) because colonial women tended to marry early and have large families 3) New England was an unusually healthy place to live.
What war began as a result of the conflict between Washington and the French?: the 1st battle of the French and Indian War
Who could not vote in the colonies?: women, slaves, (only adult white males who owned property could vote)
Describe the ambush of the British army on July 9, 1755, including what happened to General Braddock and George Washington.: A combined force of Native American warriors and French troops ambushed the British. They had hidden behind trees and were firing at the bright uniforms the British were wearing. The British troops were confused and frightened and could not even see their attackers. In the middle of this great confusion, Braddock's troops were overcome. Though Braddock called for an orderly retreat, the troops were in such a panic that they could not succeed. Braddock was killed and the battle ended in a bitter defeat for the British with nearly 1,000 casualties. After Braddock's death, Washington took command. During the battle, he had 2 horses shot from underneath him and had several bullet holes in his jacket. Washington acknowledged that God had saved him and he realized that God had a special plan for his life. Washington then led the survivors back to Virginia.
What were dame schools?: It was an early form of a private elementary school in English-speaking countries. They were usually taught by women and were often located in the home of the teacher.
What were slave codes?: strict rules governing the behavior and punishment of the enslaved Africans. Some did not allow slaves to leave the plantation without written permission from the master. Some made it illegal to teach enslaved people to read or write. Slaves were whipped for minor offenses and hanged or burned to death for serious crimes. Run away slaves who were caught were punished severely.
Who was affected most by the Proclamation of 1763?: The speculators, or investors, who had already bought land west of the mountains.
What is the importance of Zenger's trial?: at the time, the case attracted little attention (jury found him not guilty) but today it is regarded as an important step in the development of a free press in America.
Describe the Middle Passage.: This was the inhumane part of the triangular trade in which enslaved Africans were shipped to the West Indies.
What was the New England Primer?: The New England Primer was a textbook used by students in New England and in other English settlements in North America. It was first printed in Boston in 1690 by Benjamin Harris who had published a similar volume in London. It was used by students into the 19th century. The New England Primer followed a tradition of combining the study of the alphabet with Bible reading. It introduced each alphabet letter in a religious phrase and then illustrated the phrase with a woodcut. The primer also contained a catechism of religious questions and answers. Emphasis was placed on fear of sin, God's punishment and the fact that all people would have to face death.(book many learned to read from this book which combined lessons in good conduct with reading and writing)
How did Pitt decide to pay for the war?: He decided that Britain would pay for the war, however, after running up an enormous debt, he raised the colonists' taxes to help pay the debt.
Iroquois Confederacy: a powerful group of Native Americans in the Eastern part of the United States made up of five nations - Mohawk, Seneca,
Describe triangular trade.: Routes that formed a triangle. On one leg of the route, ships brought sugar and molasses from the West Indies to the New England colonies. The molasses was made into rum. The rum and other goods were shipped to West Africa and traded for enslaved Africans. Thus a triangular route was formed between the West Indies, the New England colonies and West Africa.
militia: a group of civilians trained to fight in emergencies
subsistence farming: farming with only enough food to support one family (done because of poor soil in the North)
Why were the British most afraid of the French expanding their territory in North America?: they were afraid that French control would cost religious freedom
What law was passed by King George III to prevent more conflict between the colonists and the Indians?: Proclamation of 1763 - this declared that Appalachian Mountains were to be the western boundary of all colonies (cancelling all previous land grants).
proprietary colony: a colony or group of individuals to whom the land was granted
What was the field outside Quebec where the battle took place called?: the Plains of Abraham
Where did the decisive battle of the war take place?: High on a cliff overlooking the St. Lawerence River - in Quebec - the capital of New France.
What 4 wars did the British and French fight between 1689 and 1763?: 1) King William's War (1689 -1697) 2) Queen Anne's War (1702-1713) 3) King George's War (1744-1748) 4) French and Indian War - Seven Years' War (1754-1763)
What was Washington's suggestion to Braddock?: He tried to tell him that his army's style of marching was not well-suited to fighting in frontier country - but Braddock ignored the advice.
Who took command of the British forces in the fall of 1754?: General Edward Braddock
What was the Great Awakening?: a period of dramatic religious revival
export: to sell goods abroad
What was George Washington's mission in the fall of 1753?: to tell the French they were trespassing on territory claimed by Great Britain and demand that they leave.
royal colony: colony ruled by a governor and a council appointed by a king/queen
What Native American led attacks against the British in the Midwest after the French and Indian War?: Pontiac, chief of an Ottawa village near Detroit.
What groups spoke out against slavery?: The Puritans, the Quakers, and the Mennonites.
How was farming different in the Middle Colonies than in New England?: because the Middle Colonies had fertile soil and a milder climate, the farmers grew larger crops with bigger harvests. The Middle Colonies had farms that produced cash crops while the farmers in the New England colonies were mostly subsistence farmers
diversity: variety or differences in crops grown
Who signed the English Bill of Rights?: William and Mary in 1689.
What happened at Pickawillany in the 1740s?: After British fur traders built a fort deep in the territory of the Miami people, the French attacked Pickawillany and drove British traders out of Ohio.
triangular trade: trade route that formed a triangle (goods that went from the West Indies to American Colonies and then to West Africa)
Describe the British army's style of marching and fighting.: they were lined up in columns and rows and they made for easy targets - and they wore brightly colored uniforms.
speculator: a person who risks money to earn a large profit
How did the colonists react to the Proclamation of 1763?: It angered many people and caused conflict between Britain and the colonists in North America, especially those who owned shares in land companies. Speculators, or investors, had already bought land west of the mountains, and they were furious that Britain ignored their land claims.
What were the 2 most important cash crops in the Southern colonies, and where was each grown?: The two main cash crops in the Southern colonies were tobacco and rice. Tobacco was mostly grown in Maryland and Virginia. Rice was grown in South Carolina and Georgia.
literacy: the ability to read and write
Why did most Indian tribes side with the French over the British?: because the French had many Native American allies. The French were interested in trading furs - not taking over Native American land as the British had done. Also, the French had better relations with Native Americans and French trappers and traders often married Native American women and followed their customs.
Name 2 industries, other than farming, that were important to the New England colonies.: small businesses - 1) shipbuilding 2) fishing
Describe the terms of the Treaty of Paris.: France was permitted to keep some of its sugar-producing islands in the West Indies, but it was forced to give Canada and most of the lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain. From Spain, France's ally, Great Britain gained Florida. In exchange for Florida, Spain received French lands west of the Mississippi River - the Louisiana Territory - as well as the port of New Orleans.
Why was there generally only subsistence farming in New England?: the winters were long and the soil was thin and rocky making large-scale farming difficult.
Describe the traditional roles of men and women in the colonies: book is needed to answer this
What was the Navigations Acts and what was their purpose?: A series of laws passed by Parliament between 1651 and 1673 to make certain that only England benefitted from trade with the colonies. The purpose was to direct the flow of goods between England and the colonies.
What were the 2 largest cities in the colonies by the 1760s?: New York and Philadelphia
What was John Peter Zenger put on trial for in 1735?: faced charges of libel for printing a critical report about the royal governor of New York.
What treaty ended the French and Indian War?: the Treaty of Paris (1763)
Describe the layout of a typical plantation.: Each plantation was a self-contained community with fields stretching out around a cluster of buildings. The plantation also included slave cabins, barns, stables, and outbuildings such as carpenter and blacksmith shops and storerooms. A large plantation might also have its own chapel and school.
Where was Washington supposed to build a fort in the spring of 1754?: where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers met to form the Ohio River (site of present-day Pittsburgh). eventually built Fort Necessity as the French had already built Fort Duquesne where the two rivers met.
What document, signed in 1215, was the foundation of colonial government?: the Magna Carta
Why did the colonies not approve the plan?: because none of were willing to give up any of their power - they would not accept one general government.
tidewater: a region of flat low-lying plains along the sea coast

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