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Chpt 13

Terms

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Absolutism
Term applied to strong centralized continental monarchies that attempted to make royal powers dominant over aristocracies and other regional authorities; thru this model of gov., the French were able to build a secure financial base in the late 1500s.
Treaty of Dover
treaty that allied England and France against the Dutch; signed in 1670 by France; in a secret portion of this treaty, C2 pledged to announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions in England permitted; in return, Louis XIV promised to pay a substantial subsidy to England, this subsidy was never payed.
Sun King
nickname for L14 that captures the magnificence of his court and of the Palace of Versailles; L14 adopted the sun as his emblem; sun was imp. and prominent, and thats how he perceived himself
Cardinal Richelieu
He was promoted to the king's chief adviser by Marie de Medicis; he sot to make Fr. the supreme Euro power; he was a catholic, so he pursued a strongly anti-Habsburg policy; he wanted both French supremacy, even if it meant helping Protestant powers, but he also wanted Catholics to be able to freely worship; placed the interests of the state above the pleasure of the nobles; he did not tolerate separatists and defiance to the kings law
raison d'etat
French for "reason of state"; concept that the interests of a state justify a course of action; this concept was promoted by Richelieu and L14
Roundheads
Supported Parliament; centralized in SE Eng.; Puritans were usu. part of this group
Grand Remonstrance
Parliament presented C1 w/ this more than 200 article summary of popular and parliamentary grievances against the crown on December 1, 1641; As a result, C1 invaded Parliament w/ soldiers in Jan 1642, and this led to the English Civil War.
Long Parliament
Convened in 1640, and met intermittently for 20 years; This Parliamnet was determined that neither C1 or any other future King of England could govern w/o consulting it; This Parliament abolished the Court of the Star Chamber, the Court of High Commision, royal instruments of political and religious thorough; Made the levying of new taxes and extension of ship money illegal; Parliament also decided that no more than three yearscould pass b/w its meetings, and that it couldnt be dissolved w/o its own consent
Charles II of Spain
He left his entire inheritance to Philip of Anjou, L14's gson; this caused France and Spain to be under French control; he received all of Philip IV's inheritance, and that set off the War of Devolution
Act of Settlement
This bill, which was signed in 1701, provided for the crown to go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if none of the children of Queen Anne were alive when she died; Anne did end up outliving all her kids, so, in 1714, the elector of Hanover became King George I of England
New Model Army
This was the name that Oliver Cromwell's reorganized army was known as; they defeated C1's forces at the Battle of Nasby
Arminians
Group w/in the Anglican Church that C1 supported, this support worried Puritans b/c this group had Catholic beliefs; this group rejected Puritan doctrine and favored elaborate high-church practices; they also rejected the Calvinist doctrine of predestination, they favored the doctrine of free will
Parliament
Political institution that bargained w/ monarchies over political issues; members were nobility and gentry; members had experience organizing and speaking, writing laws, and criticizing royal policies; monarchs ruled to the consent of this under the parliamentary monarchy in England.
mercantilism
An economic system in which the gov. attempted to maximize 4n exports and internal reserves of bullion (the gold and silver necessary for making war); this close gov. control of the economy arose in France in the 1600s when Jean Baptiste Colbert was the general of finances;
parlements
French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobility. Parlement of Paris claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law.
Whigs
led by the earl of Shaftesbury; these members of Parliament opposed Catholics and C2, and wanted to prevent James from succession to the throne
Charles I
Son of J1; inherited throne in 1625; believed in divine right theory; to raise $ for wars, he resorted to extraparliamentarian sources; he levied new tariffs and duties, collected discontinued taxes, subjected ppl to forced loans. he imprisoned anyone who didnt pay; he argued a lot w/ Parliament, b/c they expressed dissatisfaction towards his policies and tried to lessen his power, so he did call Parliament for an 11 year period (1629-1640); ppl thought he was a Catholic sympathizer b/c he made peace w/ France in 1629 and Spain in 1630, he married a Catholic woman, and he preferred elaborate liturgy, powerful bishops, and personal religious devotion and observance, over the preaching done by Puritans; he also sold noble titles and knighthoods; attempted to impose religious conformity w/in Eng. and Scotland
one king, one law, one faith
This was the slogan during Louis XIV's reign; L14 believed in being the absolute ruler and controlling everything, like France's religion.
A Trew Law of Free Monarchies
book by James I; Brot the doctrine of the divine right of kings into England and Scotland for the first time. James saw the divine right of kings as an extension of the apostolic succession.
King James Bible
Published in 1611; the Hampton Court conference b/w Puritans and James I established a commission that was appointed to render a new translation of the Bible, which was this one.
Treaty of Fountainelbeau
Treaty signed by Spain and Marie de Medicis; this treaty est. a ten-year mutual defense pact b/w France and Spain, effectively allying them
Glorious Revolution
1688; This was the peaceful replacement of J2 by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. This marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England
Book of Sports
Issued by J1 in 1618; permitted games on Sunday for ppl who attended Anglican Church services; J1 believed that recreation and sports were innocent activities and good for his ppl; he also felt the Puritan narrowness discourage Catholics from converting to Anglicanism; clergy refused to read his order from the pulpit and he had to rescind it
War of Devolution
This was L14 first great 4n test; It was fot over L14's claim to the Spanish Belgian provinces thru his wife, Marie-Therese; started b/c Therese didnt receive a 500,000 crown dowry that was promised to her in the terms of the treaty of the Pyrenees, so L14 wanted land instead; L14 said that in certain regions of Barbant and Flanders propterty "devolved" to the kid of the first marriage (Terese) rather than to those of a second (Charles II of Spain); the war ended quickly, and he gained control of some towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands
Gallican liberties
The traditional rights of the French king and church against the pope in matters of ecclesiastical appointments and taxation;
Test Act
Act passed by Parliament that required all officials of the crown to swear an oath against the doctrine of transubstantiation; this effectively prevented loyal Catholics from civil and military positions; this act was signed after C2 rescinded the Declaration of Indulgences
revocation of the Edict of Nantes
L14 wanted religious conformity, so he did this in October 1685; he banned Huguenots from gov office and excluded them from professions such as painting and medicine; Protestant churches and schools were closed, Protestant ministers exiled, protestant laymen forced to be galley slaves, and prot. kids baptised by Catholic preists
corvée
A labor tax that created a national force of drafted workers who were employed to improve roads and facilitate internal travel in France.
Triple Alliance
In response to L14's aggression, England, Sweden, and the United Provinces of Holland formed this alliance. This was a force sufficient to compel L14 to agree to a peace treaty; this alliance soon crumbled when England allied itself w/ France against the Dutch w/ the Treaty of Dover
Second Treatise on Government
This was a work by John Locke; published in 1690; in this essay, Locke describes the relationship b/w a king and his ppl as a bilateral contract. If the king broke that contract, the ppl had the right to depose him
Jean-Baptist Colbert
He was the controller general of finances and L14 most brilliant minister; he created the economic base L14 needed to finance his wars; he tried to org. much econimic activity under state supervision and, thru tariffs, carefully regulated the flow of imports and exports; he simplified the administratice bureaucracy, abolished unnecessary positions, and reduced the # of tax exempt nobles; scholars argue that he overcontrolled the Fr. economy and cite this as a major reason for the failure of Frech colonies in the New World.
Versailles
L14's palace was located here; he resided here permanently after 1682; the palace was designed and decorated to proclaim the glory of L14; many nobles, royal officials, and servants lived at the palace;
Clarendon Code
A series of laws passed by extreme royalists in Parliament that excluded Roman catholics, presbyterians, and Independents from politics and religious life of England; These laws imposed penalties for attending non-Anglican worship services, required strict adherence to the Book of Common Prayer and the 39 Articles, and demanded oaths of allegiance to the Anglican Church from all ppl serving in local gov.; these laws were passed b/c Charles II wanted to allow Catholics and Puritans to worship freely, as long as they stayed faithful to the throne.
Instrument of Government
A written constitution that named Oliver Cromwell the Lord Protector of GB
Militia Ordinance
In response to C1 invading Parliament w/ troops, the House of Commons passed this; this gave Parliament authority to raise an army of its own
Sully
the duke of this city was Henry IV's finance minister; he helped H4 est. gov. monopolies on gunpowder, mines, and salt.; also helped introduce the royal corvée; he also dreamed of organizing all of Europe politically and commercially into a common market
William and Mary
In 1689, Parliament proclaimed them to be the new monarchs after J2 fled to France; they recognized a Bill of Rights that lmtd the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the upper class
L'etat, c'est moi
French for "I am the State"; this was a supposed declaration by L14; meant that King was not subject to the decisions of princes and parliaments
Parlement of Paris
This was the strongest Parlement in France during the 16th and 17th centuries; this parlement was composed of tax-exempt magnates who were preoccupied with protecting their self-interests
Marie de Medicis
Mother of Louis XIII; she signed the Treaty of Fountainelbeau, which allied Fr. w/ Spain; she promoted Cardinal Richelieu to the position of the king's chief adviser;
Puritans
Eng. Protestants who sot to purify the Church of England of any vestiges of Catholicism; sot to eliminate elaborate ceremonies, and replace the hierarchical episcopal system of church governance w/ Presbyterian form like that of Calvinists churches;
Declaration of Indulgence
Issued by J2 in 1687; this suspended all religious tests and permitted free worship
War of the Spanish Succession
13 year war that broke out when Louis XIV installed his grandson on the throne of Spain; France didn't have the $ to finance the war and had inadequate supplies and soldiers, this caused them to not win the war; ended w/ the Treaty of Rastatt; result- Philip V remained king of Spain, but Gibraltar and Minorca were given to England and this made them a Mediterranean power
Grand Alliance
Alliance formed b/w HRE Holland and England during the War of Spanish Succession; they sot to preserve the balance of power by securing Flanders and by gaining a fair share of the Spanish inheritance for the emperor
Emperor Leopold
L14's cousin; he wanted his own gson to gain the inheritance from Charles II; he was one of L14's archenemies; he was Emperor of Austria
Millenary Petition
January 1604; Puritans first direct dealing w/ James I as new king; this was a statement of Puritan grievances; James was offended by the tone of the demands; he firmly declared his intention to maintain and enhance the Anglican episcopacy
Rump Parliament
December 1648, Colonel Thomas Pride prevented Presbyterians from taking their seats in Parliament; He did this b/c C1was going to try towin the Presbs and Scots overto the royalist sides; the remaining 50 members of Parliament were Independents; This Parliament executed C1 on jan 30 1649; italso abolished the house of Lords, the monarchy, and the Anglican Church
Battle of Marston Moor
a battle in 1644 in which the Parliamentarians under the earl of Manchester defeated the Royalists under Prince Rupert
Peace of Alais
This peace denied Protestants the right to maintain garrisoned cities, separate political organizations, and independent law courts; this also rescinded the independent political status of the Huguenots
parliamentary monarchy
Form of lmtd or constitutional monarchy set up in Britain after Glorious Revolution of 1689; in this form of monarchy, the king/queen was subject to the laws and ruled by the consent of parliament
Short Parliament
Name of Parliament that met from April-May 1640; they met b/c C1 didnt have the funds to wage a war against the Scots; C1 dissolved this Parliament b/c the members of Parliament said they would only consider funds for the war if he redressed many of his political and religious grievances
Toleration Act of 1689
This act permitted worship by all Protestants, but outlawed Catholics and anti-Trinitarians.
Peace of Nijmwegen
This ended the hostilities of the war b/w France and the HRE, Netherlands, Spain, Brandenburg, and Lorraine; the United Netherlands retained all of its territory in the terms of this peace
penal laws
J1 tried to relax these laws against Catholics. This increased suspicions of J1 being a Catholic sympathizer.
impositions
taxes passed by James I based on past custom duties known as tonnage and poundage; Parliament resented these independent efforts to raise revenue as an affront to their authority over the royal purse
thorough
Policy instituted by Thomas Wentworth; this policy imposed strict efficiency and administrative centralization in gov. Its goal was absolute royal control. Its success depended on the king's abilityt to operate w/o dependence on Parlliament.
Popish Plot
Titus Oates said that C2's wife was plotting to kill C2, so C2's brother James, a Catholic, could assume the throne; widespread hysteria ensued, and several ppl were tried and executed
Cavaliers
C1's royalist supporters; they were centralized in the Northwestern half of England
ship money
Tax that C1 and his ministers levied on inland areas; usually, it was levied on coastal areas. Its purpose was to pay for naval protection.
James VI of Scotland/ James I of England
he was declared King of England by will of Elizabeth; first Stuart ruler, son of Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots; viewed his authority superior to Parliament; saw the divine right of kings as an extension of the apostolic succession; he was protestant ruling over r. catholic england
William Laud
became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633; he was C1's first religious advisor; denied Purtitans the right to publish and preach; 1637, he and C1, attempted to impose the English episcopal system and a prayer book similar to the Anglican Book of Common Prayers on Scottland; Scots rebelled, and this led to a war, and this caused C1 to have to summon Parliament, b/c C1 didn't have the $ to wage a war w/ the Scots; The house of Commons eventually impeached this man, and he was executed in 1645
divine right of kings
Theory that kings are appointed by and answerable only to God; this belief was supported by L14 and Bishop Jacques Bossuet
Solemn League and Covenant
This was an agreement that committed Parliament, along w/ the Scots, to a Presbyterian system of church gov. For the Scots, this meant they would never again be confronted with an attempt to impose the English prayer book on their religious services
Ad Sacram Sedem
Papal bull executed by Innocent X in 1656 that banned Jansenism; as a result, most Jansens either retracted their views or went underground
Bishop Jacques Bossuet
L14's tutor; political theorist; defended the divine right of kings; argued that only God cud judge the king; used examples of O.Testament rulers who were divinely appointed by, and answerable only to, God; he also considered kings subject to God, but not subject to princes and parliaments
John Pym
Led Parliament in its refusal of funds to C1 for the war against the Scots; Parliament refused to consider any funds for the war until C1 agreed to redress several of his political and religious grievances; He also persuaded Parliament to accept the terms of the Solemn League and Covenant in 1643
James II
Ruled from 1685 to 1688; he wanted Parliament to repeal the Test Act, but Parliament didn't comply, so he dissolved it and openly appointed Catholics to high positions in his court and army; he permitted free worship and suspended all religious tests w/ his Declaration of Indulgence; he imprisoned Anglican bishops who refused to publicize his suspension of laws against Catholics; he also removed ppl from office who opposed the Declaration of Indulgence, and replaced them w/ Catholics; his main goal, by granting religious tolerance, was absolutism and bringing all English institutions under his power; the English feared him b/c they thot that he was going to become like Louis XIV and force Catholicism on them and suppress Protestants; had a daughter Mary with one wife and a son with his second wife, who was catholic; when William of Orange invaded England in 1688, he fled to France for the protection of Louis XIV
Oliver Cromwell
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War; He and his "godly men" were willing to tolerate an est.'d majority church, only if it also permitted Protestants to worship outside of it; after the execution of C1, his army coquered Ireland nd Scotland, to form Great Britain; He ruled over the Puritan republic of GB as Lord Protector, and in a military dictatorship; As Lord Protector, he was intolerant of Anglicans; he prohibited drunkenness, theatergoing, and dancing
Lord Protector
Cromwell disbanded Parliament and took this title when Parliament decided to stop funding the New Model Army; he ruled by this title according to the instrument of Government; as this, Cromwell turned Great Britain into a Puritan society, w/ several strict rules that cracked down on innocent behaviors such as dancing and theatergoing
Louis XIV
became king of France at 5 y.o.; fled to Paris during the Fronde; after the death of Cardinal Mazarin, he did not appoint a chief minister, did this so ppl wouldnt revolt b/c if they did revolt then they'd be directly challenging the king; he was a master of propaganda, he never missed an opportunity to impress the French; he made sure the French nobles wud benefit from the growth of his authority, never made decisions w/o consulting local opinion, he cooperated w/ his people; ruled thru powerful councils that controlled 4n affairs, domestic relations, and economic regulations; he supported France's traditional social structure and the social privileges of the nobility; he believed that political unity required religious conformity; his pursuits of French interests terrified and threatened other states, causing them to form coalitions against france;
Intendants
Royal civil servants who subjected the privileged members of the Parlement of Paris to stricter supervision; their main duty was to prevent abuses from the from the sale of royal offices that conferred the right to collect revenues, sell licenses, or carry out other remunerative forms of administration; nobles usu. acquired these offices, which was one reason for their ongoing influence
Estates general
Medieval French parliament. Consisted of 3 groups, or estates: clergy, nobility, and commoners. Met occasionally to grant revenue to the monarchy; this infrequency prevented rivals to the monarchy from having an institutional base from which to operate and a tradition of meetings during which the necessary political skills might have been developed; met in 1614, but then monarch found other sources of $; last time it met was in 1789 at beginning of Fr. Revolution
Philip of Anjou
L14's gson; all of C2's inheritance was left to him; became Philip V of Spain; he was a relatively ineffective ruler, and Spanish power declined during his reign
Petition of Right
This was a declaration of constitutional freedom that said that there would be no forced loans or taxation w/o the consent of Parliament; also said that no1 could be imprisioned w/o due cause; and it stated that troops couldnt be billeted in private homes. C1 signed this document, but did not follow thru w/ it, he cont'd to do all the stuff it said he shouldnt do
Jansenism
began in 1630s; movement w/in the Catholic Church that tot that humans were so corrupted by original sin that they could nothing good nor secure their own salvation w/o divine grace; this movement was opposed to the Jesuits; the followers of this movement adhered to the teachings of St Augustine; this movement was named after Cornelius Jansen; L14 and Innocent X oppressed the members of this movement, they were declared heretics
Battle of Nasbey
Battle won by Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army in June 1645; this was a decisive victory for the NMA over C1 and his forces

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