TAMS, Dr. Jag, Biology, Ch. 31
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- What are the unique characteristics of animals?
- Heterotrophic, Multicellular, Active Movement, Diverse Form and Habitat, Sexual Reproduction, Embryonic Development, Unique Tissues, and the Lack of Cell Walls
- Ninety-nine percent of animals are (invertebrates/vertebrates).
- Invertebrates.
- In embryonic development, what is a morula? What is a blastula?
- A morula is a solid ball of cells. A blastula is the hollow ball of cells.
- When the blastula folds inward, what is formed? What is the embryo called at this phase of development?
- A Blastopore. The Gastrula.
- What two unique animal tissues are associated with movement?
- Muscle and Nervous Tissues.
- What are the two main branches of the animal kingdom? What is the difference between them?
- Parazoa("beside animals") and Eumetazoa("true animals"). Parazoa lack symetry, tissues, and organs.
- What are the two main branches of Eumetazoans? How are the branches embryonically different?
- Radiata(radial symetry) and Bilateria(bilateral symmetry). Radiata are diploblastic (no mesoderm) and Bilateria are triploblastic (mesoderm).
- What is the primitive gut cavity in an embryo?
- The Archenteron.
- What were the Five Key Transitions in Body Plan?
- 1.Evolution of Tissues, 2. of Bilateral Symmetry, 3. of Body Cavities, 4. of Deuterostome Development, 5. of Segmentation
- What is radial symmetry? Bilateral symmetry?
- Symmetry around an axis. Symmetry across a plane.
- What relative locations does bilateral symmetry provide?
- Dorsal(top), Ventral(bottom), Anterior(front), Posterior(back).
- What are the planes of a bilateral organism?
- Sagittal (between the eyes), Frontal (down the sides), Transverse (around the hips).
- What are the three embryonic tissues of bilateral eumetazoans?
- Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm.
- What are the three basic bilateral body plans?
- Acoelomate(no body cavity), Pseudocoelomate(pseudocoel), Coelomate(coelom)
- What is the difference between the pseudocoel and coelom?
- The pseudocoel exists between the mesoderm and endoderm. The coelom is entirely within mesoderm.
- What is a circulatory system?
- A network of vessels that carry fluids through the body.
- What is the difference between open and closed circulatory systems?
- Open ones allow blood to mix with body fluid. Closed ones isolate the blood in vessels continuously.
- What categories are bilaterians divided into according to embryonic development?
- Protostomes(blastopore forms mouth), and Deuterostomes(blastopore forms anus).
- Which phyla are protostomes? Which are deuterostomes?
- Flatworms, nematodes, mollusks, annelids, and arthropods are protostomes. Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes.
- How else are protostomes and deuterostomes different?
- Protostomes perform spiral cleavage, deuterostomes perform radial cleavage. Protostomes use deteminate development, deuterostomes use indeterminate development.
- What is segmentation? What is it also known as? Why is it beneficial?
- A body plan with successive identical segments. Metamerism. It improves locomotion and provides a failsafe for damaged organs.
- What is the name for the process of a head and brain area developing from evolution?
- Cephalization.
- What phyla exhibit segmentation?
- Annelids, Arthropods, and Chordates.
- What is an example of an organism that does not fit well with current taxonomic organization?
- Myzostomids.
- What is molecular systematics?
- The use of RNA and DNA sequences in order to organize organisms taxonomically instead of by structural characteristics.
- Do taxonomists believe that parazoans and eumetazoans stem from a single common ancestor or several ancestors?
- A single common ancestor.
- What are the three hypotheses for the origin of animals?
- The Multinucleate Hypothesis(multinuclear protist ancestor), Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis (flagellated protist ancestor), and the Polyphyletic Origin Hypothesis (parazoans and eumetazoans evolved independently)
- Which hypothesis is the most favored by molecular systematics?
- The Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis.
- What was the Cambrian Explosion?
- The period of very rapid diversification of organisms during the Cambrian period.
- What is evo-devo?
- A field of biology that combines evolutionary and developmental biology.
- Who are you going to vote for MHA president?
- Robert Fromm.