perception MT 2
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- MST
- expansions and contractions
- 20. Upright, inverted faces
- we're good at recognizing upright faces, poor at inverted.
- 48. Corresponding points
- places on each retina that would overlap if one retina could be slid on top of another
- Kinematogram
- random dots moving in a shape,
- 47. Convergence
- bringing your eyes closer together, more convergence=closer object
- Motion aftereffect
- adaptation to motion
- 13. Shadow
- complex shapes in the scene to determine the diretion of light, simple rules to infer shadows
- 16. Shape from Shading
- assume that light is coming from above,
- 31. Depth
- how deep an object is
- 7. Ambiguous figures
- not sure who owns the front
- 42. Atmospheric perspective
- contrast between the object and background changes
- 4. Physiology of subjective contours
- v2 cells can't tell the difference between a real line and an illusory one
- FMRI
- measures blood flow in the brain
- 6. Border ownership
- whoever owns the border is in front, is the figure
- 29. Prosopagnosia
- can see details but can't recognize face
- 11. Lightness constancy
- the constancy of our perception of an object's lightness under different intensities of illumination
- 17. Object recognition
- high level vision
- Uses of motion (4 of them)
- recognizes objects, distinguish depth, interact with environment, direct our attention
- 46. Accommodation
- bringing an object into focus
- 19. FFA, PPA, lateral occipital cortex
- FFA(faces)PPA(places)lateral occipital cortex(objects)
- 12. L = I x R
- light=light's intensity x reflectance
- 38. Linear perspective
- illusion of space on flat paper
- 14. Reflection
- much like a shadow, a reflection does not belong to the surface on which it is seen, does not have to match the scene, just has to have a glossy appearance,
- Biological motion
- lights on joints help us recognize it's human
- 22. Holistic processing
- processing it as a whole vs. parts
- 37. Occlusion
- signal that one object is in front of another
- 2. Gestalt grouping laws (all of them)
- reflect the probability that bits belong together in real scenes: proximity(discs appear to groups in pairs due to proximity) similarity(similar discs appear in a group)closure(brackets that enclose space group more strongly than those that do not)good continuation(dots forming the smoothest contour group together)good form(contour bits forming the best shape group together)bad form(certain cues indicate that two bits do not belong together)
- Change blindness
- difficulty in detecting differences between two visual stimuli that are presented with another stimulus interposed between them
- 39. Known size
- assuming distance from prior knowledge
- 8. Top-down knowledge
- guessed based on a few distinctive features
- 1. Surfaces
- what you see is a surface
- 45. Motion parallax
- shift of an object against the background
- 51. Stereograms
- some dots are shifted laterally
- 25. Object area
- lateral occipital cortex
- Common fate
- states that things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together
- 21. Face cells
- FFA certain cells that are highly specialized that correspond to recognizing one individual
- 27. Visual agnosia
- cannot recognize objects or report orientation (damage to ventral)
- MT
- in temporal cortex, measures motion
- 5. Figureground
- borders between overlapping objects to one of the objects and only one of them.
- 50. Stereopsis
- depth due to binocular disparity
- Tau
- time to collision:distance/speed r(t)/v(t) distance from a point to center, velocity to that point
- 40. Texture gradient
- size distortion due to distance
- 49. Binocular disparity
- difference in separation of two images in two eyes
- 23. Body part area
- EBA, activity in this area when viewing whole human bodies or parts
- 15. Discount the illuminant
- makes the two areas that send equal amount of light very different
- 9. Neon color spreading
- sports a neon glow so it looks like a full shape
- 34. Emmert's law
- objects that are different distances appear different sizes
- 52. Disparity selective cells
- neurons that are tuned to respond to specific amounts of disparity
- 28. Ventral, Dorsal streams
- ventral(what) dorsal(where)
- Optic flow
- the flow of stimuli in the environment that occurs when an observer moves relative to the environment
- 24. Face area
- FFA
- 44. Ames room
- one side is a lot further than another, which gives illusion of size
- Attention
- focusing on stimuli of interest,
- 53. Binocular rivalry
- difference in two objects seen by the left and right eye
- 3. Modal, amodal completion
- modal(surfaces completing in front of another even though boarders are not visible) amodal(surfaces completing behind an occluding surfaces, surface is not seen but registered) 2 black bars on top of each other
- 18. Inferotemporal cortex
- cells that respond to parts
- 26. Place area
- PPA houses outdoor scenes, or buildings
- 32. Pictorial cues
- depth cue, such as overlap, relative height, and relative size, that can be depicted in pictures
- Structure from motion
- variation in dot speed, edge move slower