U.S. History- Chapter 5
Terms
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- Morrill Act
- Gave federal land to the states that helped finance agricultural colleges.
- Treaty of Fort Laramie
- Treaty under which government agreed to close Bozeman trail, and Sioux agreed to live on reserve along Missouri River. The Sioux were forced into this treaty. The treaty was only a temporary to warfare between Native Americans and Whites.
- Bimetallism
- The use of gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system
- Red River War
- U.S. armies crushed resistance of Native Americans on Southern plains.
- Munn vs. Illinois
- Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws by a vote of seven to two. Railroads fought back Granger Laws, challenging the constitutionality of the regulatory laws.
- Coxey's Army
- formed as a protest by unemployed people; Jacob Coxey thought that the government should hire the unemployed to work on roads
- Chisholm Trail
- The major cattle route, from San Antonio, Texas, through Oklahoma to Kansas.
- "Free Silver"
- Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan
- Woman on the Plains
- Woman were granted more rights in the West: -Allowed to own property. -Voting rights. -Economically and socially equal to men.
- Nez Perce
- in 1877 Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Nation surrendered to units of the U.S. Cavalry. Before this retreat the Nez Perce fought a cunning strategic retreat toward refuge in Canada from about 2,000 Army soldiers. This surrender, after fighting 13 battles and going about 1,600 miles toward Canada, marked the last great battle between the U.S. government and an Indian nation.
- Dawes Act
- a law that intended to "Americanize" Native American by disturbing the reservation land to individual owners.
- Housing on the Plains
- Most homesteaders lived in "sodhouses", made of dirt, very inhumane.
- Panic! of 1893
- Economic panic resulting from a series of bank failures and gold-running on the US Treasury, caused by the collapse of the railroad industry (100 went bankrupt), unemployment rate 20-25%, government did nothing except lower the tariff
- Greenbacks
- Among the first national United States currency, authorized by the Legal Tender Act of 1862.
- Homestead Acts
- A law passed by congress that encouraged settlement in the west by giving land to farmers approx.160 acres to 400,000 farmers, if the owner agreed to cultivate the land for a minimum of five years.
- Great Plains
- The vast grasslands that extends through the central portion of North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains.
- Grange
- Organization of farmers started by Oliver Hudson Kelley, started the Patrons of Husbandry, original purpose was to provide a social outlet and an educational forum for isolated farm families. Fought railroads.
- Native American Government Policy
- No individual was allowed to dominated group, ruled by council rather than force
- Panic! of 1876
- Series of bank failures, triggered five-year depression, diverted attention in the North away from the South's problems.
- Assimilation
- A minority group's adoption of the beliefs and the way of life of the dominant culture.
- Bozeman Trail
- In attempts to block the construction of this road to MT, Sioux massacred and mutilated 81 soldiers under Capt. Fetterman's command
- Populists
- Demanded reforms to lift the burden of debt from farmers and other workers and give the people a bigger voice in government.
- William Jennings Bryan
- American lawyer and Populist politician, he favored the free coinage of silver, an economic policy expected to help farmers. He was a Democratic candidate for president in 1896 and was defeated by William McKinley. He later led the prosecution of the Scopes Trial.
- Interstate Commerce Act
- a law that established the federal government's right to supervise railroad activities and created a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission to do so (1887)
- Election of 1892
- 1892 James B. Weaver (populist), vs. Harrison (rep), vs. Cleveland (dem), Cleveland wins
- Granger Laws
- In response of abuses by the railroads The Grangers took political action. Throughout the West, Midwest, and Southeast, convinced state legislators to pass laws to protect their interests. "To establish maximum freight and passenger rates and prohibit discrimination."
- Sitting Bull
- The American Indian Sitting Bull (ca. 1834-1890), a Hunkpapa Sioux medicine man and chief, was the political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre and during the Sioux War of 1875-1876.
- Tools on the Plains
- Wooden plows that were used by homesteaders frequently broke. Solution: Steel plows invented by John Deere. Barbed wires protect crops from cows. Wells dug and powered. Insecticides and pesticides invented.
- ICC
- a former independent federal agency that supervised and set rates for carriers that transported goods and people between states
- Bonanza Farms
- An enormous farm on which a single crop is grown. After drought these huge farms could not compete with smaller farms and eventually went bankrupt.
- Wounded Knee
- Goverment worried that Ghost Dance would become a war dance, Cavalry under orders to round up Ghost Dance leaders including sitting bull, Sioux (Lokata) worried they will be sent to Oklahoma, Cavalry takes all weapons from Sioux, Gun fires and over 350 unarmed Sioux were massacred.
- "Gold bugs"
- a person who believes that the American currency should be based only on gold
- "A Century of Dishonor"
- Helen Hunt Jackson's book about the mistreatment of Native Americans
- Election of 1896
- Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1896. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans.Economic issues, including bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff, were crucial.
- Wabash Case
- Decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. (About how many legislatures tried to regulate railroad monopoly.) Had to have federal action.
- Native American Family Life
- Men trained to be hunters and warriors. Woman helped butcher the games and prepare hides. Believed natural spirits controlled the events of the world.
- Sand Creek Massacre
- Despite raising white flag and American flag, Black kettle's band of Cheyanne were destroyed. Army killed over 200, 1/2 woman and children. Result: suspicion against settlers and government increases.