Ch. 30, Vietnam
Terms
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- Paris Peace Treaty
- Jan '73 Kissinger treaty w/ N Vienamese (US aid in postwar reconstruction) & Gen. Nguyen Van Thieu (US supported S. govt & promise to send troops back if needed) by March last US troops go home
- "The Feminine Mystique"
- '63 author Betty Friedan identified "problem that has no name" dispiriting boredom & emptiness for women in the midst of affluent lives cultural inability to fulfill themselves as human beings
- Escalation
- increased US attack in Vietnam, considered after "present policy" viewed to lead only to "disasterous defeat"
- Nixon's "Silent Majority"
- Americans who did not protest & demonstrate w/ hippies, Not Politically Vocal, Nixon fancied himself their representative
- George Wallace
- AL Gov, Runs for President in '68 appeals to blue collar workers who despise hippies & peace workers but want US out of Vietnam
- Nixon Doctrine
- Detente: US doesnt fight every war, teams up w/ other govt around the globe to achieve ends. Focus on negotiation to ease tension.
- Worldwide Revolutionary Clashes
- China: Mao Zedong Cuba: Castro & Che Guevara Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh, Czech: Prague Spring ('68) France, Italy,
- Jackson State
- Black Mississippi College, anti war demonstrators seize womens dorm, unprovoked state police open fire, kill 2 (innocent & unarmed, wound 12)
- La Raza Unida
- "The Race United" 3rd party mvmt, gain power where Chicanos were majority
- Termination
- Bureau of Indian Affairs reduce federal servies, gradually sell of tribal lands & force Native Americans into "mainstream" American life
- SALT I
- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. Soviets & US pledge not to develop new system of antiballistic missiles, limit # of intercontinental missiles each side would deploy
- Air Strikes
- US planes Bombing Vietnam in attempt to erradicate Vietcong (Ho Chi Minh supporters in S)
- "Clean for Gene"
- Anti-War Senator Eugene McCarthy (MN) supported by college students who got hair cuts to look "clean for gene" lost opening primary & Robert Kennedy runs on anti war platform
- Domino Theory
- If one pro western country fell to communism, all SE Asia would fall in a row, like dominoes
- American Indian Movement (AIM)
- '68 organization created by Indian Urban activists in Minneapolis MN, led Wounded Knee protest
- Roe v Wade
- '73 Supreme ct decision that stuck down 46 state laws restricting women's access to abortion (highlighted divisions within women's mvmt
- Chicano Activists
- Reies Lopez Tijerina (NM La Alianza militaristic) Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales (Denver CO, blueprint for separate Chicano Society, cultural pride)
- Kent State
- Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles
- Henry Kissinger
- National Security Adviser to Nixon, persued ends secretly, skirted traditional channels of govt (Dept of State) a lot like Nixon himself
- Invading Cambodia
- Nixon sends troops into Cambodia to attack N Viet supply bases there, Outburst of protests including Kent State & Congress revoking the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
- National Organization for Women (NOW)
- Organization 24 women & 2 men that pushed for recognition of "sexism" as just as bad as "racism" pushed for equal opportunity for jobs & pay
- Stonewall Incident
- June 27, 1969, NYC police raid Stonewall Inn (Greenwich Village bar) & patrons fought back (Homosexual equal rights movement)
- Tonkin Gulf incident
- US destroyer "Maddox" attacked by N Viet patrol boats on August 2, and thought it was under attack a second time on the 4th, but was the result of a radar error. Precept for TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION: Congress gives Prez power to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack and to prevent future aggression"
- LBJ withdraws
- LBJ says he will "not seek, and i will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president"
- Hawks & Doves
- Hawks(majority): must win in Vietnam (no communism SE Asia, US prestige & US soldiers lives protected) Doves(prominent minority): Out of Vietnam, Peace
- Ngo Dinh Diem
- US installed leader of S, decided not to hold elections, US supported in an effort to contain communism
- Election of 1968
- Wallace v Hubert Humphrey v Nixon(winner) Republicans take Presidency & entire S except TX, American ppl turned their backs on Liberal Reform
- Carrot & Stick Approach
- US slowly draws out to leave burden of fighting to the S Vietnamese Army (equipped w/massive amts of US supplies) "peace with honor"
- Separate Identities vs Assimilation
- development of pride in each groups distinctive values & characteristics, political assertiveness: Blacks, Latinos, American Indians, Asian Americans, Feminists & Gays
- King & Kennedy assassinations 1968
- April 4, MLK: fatally shot while relaxing on motel balcony in Memphis TN, James Earl Ray; June 5, Robert Kennedy: assassinated by "disgruntled Arab nationalist" Sirhan Sirhan
- Stalemate
- Result of TET OFFENSIVE (vietcong attack US embassy in Saigon during "Tet" religious holiday, fighting supposed to stop) Great US intelligence failure
- Inflation
- from '65-'70 rate of inflation 4%/yr. War & Great Society programs spiked domestic budget, LBJ refuses to raise taxes, economy headed for trouble
- Puerto Ricans & Cubans
- Immigrate from their island nations PRs to NYC & Cubans to Miami, develop cultural unity on the mainland & political assertiveness (Black & Puerto Rican Caucus & Aspira)
- Body Counts
- Measure of Success in Vietnam, # of Vietcong killed
- Cesar Chavez & UFW
- Non violent activist for Mexican American Labor Reform (admired & emulated MLK), Formation of United Farm Workers (labor union)