AP Euro Midterm Review Part 2
Terms
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- Martin Luther
- Humanist-educated priest who "didn't like Big Church or Big Government"; proclaimed the need for reform (against indulgences, sale of church offices, &c.); wrote 95 theses and three pamphlets
- Justification by faith alone
- Luther's theory that God's righteousness is too perfect for us to achieve, so belief in Christ is enough for salvation
- Diet of Worms
- Luther presented his issues to Charles V, but he is outlawed in the Edict of Worms, so he fled and worked behind the scenes
- Esurge Domine
- Pope Leo X gave Luther six days to take it all back; Luther refused; Decet Pontificam Romanum excommunicated him
- Diet of Augsburg
- Charles V ordered all Lutherans to revert to Catholicism; they refuse with the Augsburg Confessions
- Augsburg Interim
- Charles V sent out armies against Lutherans and demanded they revert; he took it back in the Peace of Passau
- Peace of Augsburg
- Charles V decreed cuius regio, eius religio (permanently divides Christendom)
- Ignatius of Loyola
- Founded the Jesuits; encouraged traditional trusting obedience to the Church
- Council of Trent
- Catholic Counter-Reformation: Pope Paul IV made bishops move locally, strengthened local power, tightened reigns on the clergy, retained transubstantiation, &c.
- Marburg Colloquy
- Split in Protestantism; Luther and Zwingli disagree on the nature of the Eucharist
- John Calvin
- Founded his own Protestant movement based on divine predestination and an individuals responsibility to reorder society according to God's plan
- Henry VIII
- Married everybody; became head of the Church OF England (Act of Supremacy) and head of the Church IN England (Convocation)
- Act of Succession
- Named Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs to the throne
- Henry of Navarre
- Huguenot leader who married into the French royal family; became King Henry IV upon the death of Henry III; Catholics panicked (a Protestant on the French throne!) but Henry declared himself Catholic ("Paris is worth a Mass")
- Edict of Nantes
- Henry IV's formal religious settlement; sanctioned minority religions but kept France Catholic; granted Huguenots freedom of public worship, right of assembly, admission to public offices, and permission to maintain fortified towns
- Mary, Queen of Scots
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Wife of Francis II of France who inherited the English throne; became the Catholic queen of a Protestant country; held her own private Masses
Forced to flee from scandal; her reputed lover was accused of killing her husband, then she married him; she left the crown to her one-year-old son, James - Sir Frances Drake
- English seaman who preyed on Spanish ships and is famous for shelling the port of Cadiz; circumnavigated the globe (example of English naval superiority)
- Treaty of Westphalia
- Ended the Thirty Years' War; removed the Edict of Restitution; reasserted the Peace of Ausgburg and gave Calvinists recognition; gave elector status to Bavaria, granted independence to Holland and the Swiss Confederacy, gave German princes territorial superiority