Unit III Vocab
Unit III words, Part IV
Terms
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- Scientific Revolution
- Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advanced associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizaions; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages.
- Economiendas
- Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.
- Enlightenment
- Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior.
- Plantation
- an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale.
- Factories
- European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce.
- Taj Mahal
- Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal.
- Conqueror
- someone who is victorious by force of arms
- Absolute Monarchy
- Concept of government developed during the rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureacracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies.
- Middle Passage
- Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th-18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture.
- American Slavery
- based on people being property, and an inferior race
- Isolationism
- a policy of nonparticipation in international, economic and political relations
- Caravels
- Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia.
- Reformation
- a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
- Multiracial
- made up of, involving or acting on behalf of various races.
- Dutch East Indies Company
- Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.
- Jesuits
- A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education and missonary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America and Asia.
- Catholic Reformation
- Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs.
- Deism
- Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun.
- Commercial Revolution
- the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
- Janissaries
- Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century.
- British East India Company
- Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.
- Glorious Revolution
- English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king.
- Cape of Good Hope
- Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.
- Renaissance
- Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages.
- Triangular Trade Route
- Commerce linking Africa, the New World Colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe.
- Humanism
- Focus on humankind as cetner of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages.
- Colony
- a geographical area politically controlled by a distant country
- Scholar-Gentry
- Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as government of China
- Parliaments
- bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.
- Balance of Trade
- the difference in value over a period of time of a country's imports and exports of merchandise nation's balance of trade; is favorable when its exports exceed its imports
- African Slavery
- was not based on people being property, but rather on dependency and military "prisoners of war."
- Mercantilism
- Economic theory that stressed government promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.