world history/ ingle
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- napoleon
- skillful military genius who led forces in france across the world. he defeated major enemy (austrians) but never got to defeat the british
- napoleonic code
- French civil law code established at the order of Napoleon. was first legal code and was based on the roman law
- continental system
- napoleon's attempt to stop britain's export and rexport trade with europe. caused great hardship in britain
- waterloo
- where napoleon was finally defeated by the duke of wellington of england
- saint helenas
- where napoleon was taken after his final defeat in waterloo
- scorched earth policy
- during battle, leaving absolutely nothing for invaders to use after you leave your area -- russians did this to napoleon's army
- elba
- where napoleon was taken for 10 months when he was captured by allied forces, but he escaped. received annual allowance from france here.
- egyptian campagin
- french attempt to exert influence over egypt. political need to weaken britain and personal needs of napoleon<- saw weakness in army after their struggle against austria
- hundred days
- hundred days napoleon tried to rule france after escaping elba
- imperialism
- extention of one nation's power over other hands
- gladstone
- statesman and four-time prime minister of great britain
- potato famine
- airborn failure of the potato crop who killed many people because they had become dependent upon this single source of nutrition
- alexander II
- russian tsar who issued an emancipation edict where slaves were now able to own property and marry as they choose
- congress of berlin
- 1878- called treaty of paris by the signers
- 6 advances in travel and communicaton
- railroad, telegraph, internal combustoin engine, automobile industy grew, steamship, flying shuttel, spinning jenny, power loom
- angles
- anglo-saxons were germanic people who inhabited britain from mid 5th century. occupation of britain traditionally considered origin of modern english nation
- communism
- economy characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members
- socialism
- system of social organization in which means of producing and distributing is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy
- capitalism
- means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and development is proportionate to accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market
- social darwinism
- belief in struggle between nations, the fit are victorious and survive. superior races must dominate inferior races by military force
- roundheads
- supporters of parliament during english civil war. referred to short hair cuts worn by some puritans
- cavaliers
- supporters of charles I in english civil war. aka royalists
- john locke
- english philosopher. believed laws under all things are human, natural, and divine
- divine right
- monarchs get right to rule directly from God. king can do no wrong since it's up to God to punish a wicked king... ought to obey the king.
- versailles
- maginificent palace in northern France. built by king louis XIV and was the royal residence for more than 100 years
- jean-baptiste colbert
- louis XIV's controller- general of all the finance administration
- seven years war
- involved nearly every nation in Europe. prussia/britain and austria/france fought for control of germany
- junkers
- wealthy landowners of prussia. members of prussian landed aristorcracy
- edict of nantes
- issued by henry of navarre to solve religious problems in france. catholocism was official religion and gave huguenots right to worship and be in politics
- l'etat c'est moi
- lous XIV: "I am the State."
- peter the great
- russia's first emperor and once czar of russia. one of most famous rulers in history. member of romonov dynasty
- st. petersburg
- major russian port and one of world's leading industrial and cultural centers
- gun powder plot
- conspiracy of english roman catholics to blow up parliament, king james I, his queen, and eldest son. lef by robert catesby
- victor hugo
- french writer who wrote don quixote
- ludwig van beethoven
- german composer. greatest composer of western european music tradition. revolutionary artist
- industrial revolution
- period during which work formally done by animal or man was now done by machine
- crop rotation
- planting different crops on the same land in succession to improve soil fertility and to help control insects and diseases
- marie antoinette
- queen of france. wife of louis XVI. unpopular because of her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to overthrow of monarchy. tried and executed by revolutionary tribunal
- national assembly
- third estate when it decided to write the constitution, established following the french revolution
- bastille
- prison of paris that fell when mob of commoners attacked it. symbol of despotism of ruling bourbon monarchy
- estates general
- french parliament that was composed of representatives from the 3 orders of french society
- madame de pompedour
- famous mistress of louis XV. publicly blamed for the seven years war and was noble patron of literature and the arts
- tithe
- 1/10 part of one's annual income contributed voluntarily or due as tax, especially for support of clergy or church
- louis XVI
- king of france, husband of marie antoinette. summoned estates general but didn't grant the reforms that were demanded so the french revolution followed. executed
- old regime
- political, societal, and cultural schema that prevailed in france under the french monarchs before the french revolution
- noblesse de la robe
- "nobillity of the robe"- class of hereditary nobles who acquired their rank through holding a high state office
- first estate
- part of estates general that consisted of the clergy
- second estate
- part of estates general that consisted of the nobility and had about 300 delegates
- third estate
- had almost 600 delegates, most of whom were lawyers from french towns. wanted to set up constitutional government to abolish the fiscal priveleges of the church and nobillity
- louis XV
- king of france who lef France into the war of the austrian succession and the seven years war
- cathiers
- presentation of a bill before it becomes a law
- count mirabeau
- one of greatest figures in national assembly that governed france during the early phases of the french revolution
- declaration of the rights of man
- one of fundamental documents of the french revolution defining a set of individual rights
- civil constitution
- during the french revolution, an attempt to reorganize the roman catholic church in france on a national basis. cause schism within the french church
- legislative assembly
- people who make or reppeal or amend laws. national parliament of france during part of the revolutionary period and during second republic
- tennis court oath
- oath taken by third estate in a nearby indoor tennis court that they would continue to meet until they had produced a french constitution
- assignets
- paper bills used in france as currency during the french revolution. increasing issuance resulted in inflation
- jean paul marat
- swiss born french revolutionary who led in overthrowing the girondists
- committee of public safety
- committee of 12 lef by max robespierre, who took control of france for a 12 month period
- georges danton
- french revolutionary leader and orator, often credited chief force in overthrow of monarchy and establishment of first french republic. first prez of committee of publis safety
- council of elders
- upper house of legislature established by constitution
- madame guillotine
- estimated 40,000 people traveled thru paris to die under her. got name from practice- device used to separate bodies from heads
- law of maximum
- regulation of prices on all goods and service during the french revolution
- reign of terror
- revolutionary courts were set up to protect revolutionary republic from internal enemies. consisted of executions of people thought to be threatening to government
- max robespierre
- dominated the committee of public safety, leader of political group known as jacobins
- directory
- five member group that functioned as the executive for the gobernmental system created by the consitution
- law of suspects
- law that stated that anyone suspected of a crime could be arrested and possible executed for almost no reason
- girondists
- members of the moderate republican party during the french revolution
- charlotte corday
- girondist who assassinated jean paul marat
- council of 500
- council that was the lower house of the legislature established by the constitution
- september massacres
- mass killing of prisoners that took place in paris, major event called "first terror" of the french revolution
- thermidorean reaction
- the execution of robespierre and the reassertion of moderate power over the revolution
- sans culottes
- "without breeches" - people who didn't wear culotess- short pants worn by the nobles
- constitution of the year III
- sought to ensure a moderate continuation of the revolution by bringing equality between citizen rights and democracy
- national convention
- council consisting of lawyers, professionals, and property owners whose first act was to abolish monarchy and set up a republic in france
- levee en masse
- draft that drafted all citizens of france to work for the good and cause of the revolution
- francis II
- last holy roman emperor when napoleon forced the dissolution of the empire. he became the king of austria and helped defeat napoleon
- richelieu
- french politician. louis XIV's advisor. he reformed taxes, centralized administration, improved roads and canals to encourage trade
- mazarin
- chief minister to louis XIV. ruled while louis XIV was too young
- oliver cromwell
- leader of parliamentary forces (roundheads) in civil war against the supporters of the king (cavaliers/royalists)