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- James Bryce, American Commonwealth
- Opposed the Nativist sentiment and promoted the "melting pot" idea of American culture.
- Charles Darwin
- Presented the theory of evolution, which proposed that creation was an ongoing process in which mutation and natural selection constantly give rise to new species. Sparked a long-running religious debate over the issue of creation.
- Herbert Spencer
- British, developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution, believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking. Sought to develop a system whereby all human endeavours could be explained rationally and scientifically.
- Gilded Age
- A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.
- Denis Kearney
- Irish immigrant who settled in San Fransicso and fought for workers rights. He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chineseworkers who worked for less than the Americans. Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement.
- Aschan School
- Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators, they beleived in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.
- William Dean Howells
- Editor of the Atlantic Monthly, and a champion of the realist movement in fiction writing.
- New Immigration
- The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; betwen 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.
- Anthony Comstock
- Social reformer who worked against obscenity.
- 848. Edwin Lawrence Godkin (1831-1902), editor of The Nation
- Political writer who founded The Nation magazine, which called for reform.
- Chinese Exclusion Law
- Chinese Exclusion Law 1882 - Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration of Chinese. Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immagrants who would work for less pay.
- 845. Nouveau riche
- French for "new rich." Refered to people who had become rich through business rather than through having been born into a rich family. The nouveau riche made up much of the American upper classof the late 1800s.
- Jane Adams
- Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.
- American Protective Association
- A Nativist group of the 1890s which opposed all immigration to the U.S.
- Revrum Novarum
- 1891 - Pope Leo XII's call to the Catholic Church to work to alleviate social problems such as poverty.
- YMCA, Salvation Army
- Provided food, housing, and supplies for the poor and unemployed.
- 838. Morril Act
- 1862 - Set aside public land in each state to be used for building colleges.
- The Single Tax
- A flat tax proposed by Henry George. (A flat tax is one in which every person pays the same amount, regardless of whether they are rich or poor.)
- 835. Johns Hopkins University
- A private university which emphasized pure research. It's entrance requirements were unusually strict -- applicants needed to have already earned a college degree elsewhere in order to enroll.
- 837. Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903)
- America's greatest theoretical scientist, he studied thermodynamics and physical chemistry.
- Henry James
- American writer who lived in England. Wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between American innocence and European sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. Famous for his novel Washington Square and his short story "The Turn of the Screw."
- Chautauqua Movement
- One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes.
- Henry George, Progress and Poverty
- Said that poverty was the inevitable side-effect of progress.
- Tenements
- Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.
- Andrew Carnegie
- Carnegie was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works. His book argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.
- 826. Lester Frank Ward
- Sociologist who attacked social Darwinism in his book, Dynamic Sociology.
- Social Gospel
- A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.
- Pragmatism
- A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.
- 839. Land grant colleges: A&M, A&T, A&I
- These were colleges built on the land designated by the Morril Act of 1862.
- 836. Charles W. Elliot, Harvard University
- He was the president of Harvard University, and started the policy of offering elective classes in addition to the required classes
- Dillingham Commission Report
- 1911 - Congressional commission set up to investigate demands for immigration restriction. It's report was a list of complains against the "new immigrants."
- 821. William Graham Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other
- Economist and sociologist.
- Mary Baker Eddy
- Founded the Church of Christian Scientists and set forth the basic doctrine of Christian Science.
- Washington Gladden
- Congregationalist minister who followed the social gospel and supported social reform. A prolific writer whose newspaper cloumns and many books made him a national leader of the Social gospel movement.
- John A. Roebling
- Roebling pioneered the development of suspension bridges and designed the Brooklyn Bridge, but died before its construction was completed.
- 822. Henry Ward Beecher (1813-1889)
- Minister who worked against slavery in Kansas Border War, promoted civil service reform.
- Louis Sullivan
- Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel-skeleton skyscraper. Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright.
- Street Car Suburbs
- The appearance of the streetcar made living within the heart of the city unnecessary. People began moving to the edges of the cities and commuting to work by streetcar. Led to growth of suburbs.
- Edward Bellamy
- 1888 - Utopian novel which predicted the U.S. woudl become a socialist state in which the government would own and oversee the means of production and would unite all people under moral laws.
- Conwell, Acres of Diamonds
- Baptist preacher whose famous speech said that hard work and thrift would lead to success.
- Dwight L. Moody
- Evangelist who preached the social gospel.
- Social Darwinsm
- Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.
- 832. Charles Sheldon, In His Steps Proofed Through Here
- A very popular collection of sermons which encouraged young people to emulate Christ.
- Frank Lloyd Wright
- Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.
- Walter Rauschenbusch
- New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions.
- Armory School
- 1913 - The first art show in the U.S., organized by the Ashcan School. Was most Americans first exposure to European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.
- Hatch Act
- 1887 - Provided for agricultural experimentation stations in every state to improve farming techniques.
- William James
- Developed the philosophy of pragmatism. One of the founders of modern psychology, and the first to attempt to apply psychology as a science rather than a philosophy.
- Literacy Test
- Immigrants were required to pass a literacy test in order to gain citizenship. Many immigrants were uneducated or non-English-speakers, so they could not pass. Meant to discourage immigration.
- Rev. Josiah Strong
- Enivisioned a "final competition of races," in which the Anglo-Saxons would emerge victorious.