Lecture Notes for History Final
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- The War of Attrition
- July 1969 - Aug 1970; Border battles - Israeli vs. Egyptians, this takes place along the Suez Canel border; Soviets are now supplying better weapons to the Egyptians
- Battle of France/Fall of France
- May 9, 1940; Maginot line - Germans come around, French want the Germans to come through Belgium. German general tells his to use modified Schleifen Plan. German plan is to attack the lightly defended area, get behind the french and brit forces in Belgium and German army andwiches the french and brit. Mid June the French surrender.
- North Africa
- Stalin wants us to invade France because he wants relief from Germany. If we invade France it will give him the 2 front war we promised.
- NSC-68
- says that America will establish a large peace time army; Truman is again going against American Policy
- Enigma
- German coding machine
- Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis
- US sends some men to Cuba to put down Castro's (ruler of Cuba) revolution thinking the Cuban people will help us - they don't and we lose many of our men (BAY OF PIGS DISASTER); Castro believes we will come back to fight them again - he gets weapons from Khrushchev (Cuba has power to destroy all of Southern US); We cannot attack bc we will kill Soviets who are manning their weapons in Cuba (Killing Soviets could start WWIII); US blockades Cuba
- post war Italian government
- US and Brits invaded this country so therefore they get to liberate it; Stalin wants a say however there is no red army around so therefore the US and Brits don't let him have a say. Red Army gets to liberate eastern Europe - communism
- Moshe Dayan
- head of Israeli army; most recognized Israeli in the history of the country; plans the invasion of the Sinai
- Reagan
- reignites the Cold War and pledges to build up American Military might; SDI and INF
- Beard Thesis Problem
- where is the evidence? no one can find the crucial document that FDR went to war with Japan and set up the American fleet at Pearl.
- The Gulf War
- US kicks Iraq out of Kuwait
- Eisenhower: New Policies: Brinkmanship
- get really close to war but don't go to war; game of nuclear chicken; threatens China with nukes; Cuban Missle Crisis example
- Nasser
- general of Egypt; eventual ruler
- Manchuria
- according to Japanese: chinese terrorists has blown up part of a Japanese controlled railroad. Japanese army invades this because they think the Chinese are trying to run them out. In a matter of months this is taken over by Japanese. Japanese blew up the track so they could blame it on the Chinese and have an excuse to invade. Japanese army in Korea plaaned the whole project. Government not controlling the army, army running the country. Japan will get out bc no country recognizes it. Japan will pull out of the League of Nations.
- The China Incident
- Chinese/Japanese relations are not good! July 1937 a major firefight between the Japanese army and the Chinese army takes place in the Marco Polo bridge (Italian bridge). Japan will begin to move into China and start conquering its coastal regions. US aids both sides in this war. We can do this legally because they don't call it a war, its and "incident." China can't survive without American money/aid. Japan is going no where without American help. 90% of the oil they get comes from the US. Get scrap iron from us also.
- Tactical
- support land operations, fighter dominated. Goal is to support ground troops. Air force Germany developed.
- Stalingrad
- Germans push 100s of miles into Russian territory. Russians learn not to stand and fight, so they retreat and few are encircled by Germans. Street fighting in Stalingrad - Germans not good at it; by winter 1943 Russians break through the German lines and encircle German army at Stalingrad and they surrender.
- Miracle of Dunkirk
- Winston Churchill ordered any ship or boat available, large or small, to pick up the stranded soldiers, and 338,226 men (including 120,000 French soldiers) were evacuated
- Carter
- signs SALT II with Russia; says he is no appeaser (not here to make people happy); this treaty is never ratified; Soviet Union invades Afghanistan - this scares this President bc Soviets broke their word! - he pulls SALT II out of the senate and blocks all fights from US to Soviet Union = BIRTH OF THE DELTA FORCE; 1980 Pres. boycotts the Olympics which are in Moscow - US wins
- Results of the Truman Doctrine
- 1. No more isolationism, 2. Annunciates the foreign policy that brough down the Social Union, 3. "Containment of Communism", 4. Red Scare: must get rid of traitors (Quisling), 5. National Security Act
- Truman Protection
- Western Europe is afraid that the Soviets will try to attack them bc the Soviets are mad about the Marshall Plan; Western Europe wants protection from the Soviets; as a result the North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO was created which is a nuclear umbrella if Soviets attack Wester Europe
- Arsenal of Democracy
- what America becomes because of Lend/Lease
- kamikaze
- means divine wind; best way of hitting target is to crash plane with bombs into target; they kill themselves and Americans.
- The China Card
- Communist China and the Soviet Union do not like each other; Nixon wants to get these 2 to fight each other; Nixon goes to communist China - US become friends with them (cultural exchanges, trade agreements); concerns the Soviets that US and China become friends
- Why did US drop atomic bomb?
- 1. intimidate Russians, 2. to save American lives by preventing battle...drop a bomb and no US member gets killed
- North Africa
- Churchill has the idea to invade this place because they have a problem with Rommel (German Fieldmarshall)
- December 7,1941
- attack at Pearl Harbor
- 9 Power Treaty
- Japan agreed to open door policy in this.
- Truman Problems: Berlin Blockade
- 1. Germany was divided into 4 sections after WWII, 2. Germans want to GET OUT of Eastern Germany bc Soviets control this area; 3. Soviets get mad bc people are leaving Eastern Germany - they set THIS up!! 4. US Air Force provide supplies; 5. Soviets lift THIS bc they know it won't work; 6. US fly bombers into England to scare Soviets to make them think we have Nucs; 7. Soviets find out its a bluff through spies; After THIS is removed: 1. US creates Western German gov't - we then include Western Germany in NATO; 2. Soviets create the Warsaw Pact
- China
- What brings the US and Japan to war. US wants Japan out of China because of our open door policy.
- Battle of Midway
- early June, Yamamoto has split his forces (this is a mistake - key is concentration), US uses Magic and finds out Midway is where they will concentrate most of their split forces, US gets carriers over to Midway first and wins battle
- Kursk
- battle; largest armor engagement in the war; turning point of the war in Europe; last German offensive; Stalin realizes an attack is coming; US tells Stalin they are going to attack, but he didn't believe Hitler would do so. US knows because of Engma/Ultra - we tell Stalin we have a spy though; Russians have more tanks than when they began, Germans can barely replace their tanks
- 3 developments: on the sea by WWII
- submarine warfare, amphibious landings, and air craft carriers
- How are subs defeated in WWII?
- 1. US breaks the German code so we know where the subs are 2. Air planes make the subs submerge really fast. Sonar detects subs below the water and radar detects subs above the water.
- John XXIII 2nd
- Institutes Vacation II: how they worship - 1. priest speaks in common language, 2. priest face congregation; Roman Catholics feel like their religion has been taken away; inter-faith relationship
- Battle of the Bulge
- last German "gas" offensive; December 1944
- Stubbling Block in the "Back Door to War"
- China
- Admiral Darlan
- # 2 man in Vichy government; fascist; Eisenhower tries to deal with him by asking him to tell his people to stop shooting and when French North Africa is free he can be the new ruler; someone who doesn't like Darlan kills him
- Spring of 1944
- goal is to destroy the German air force. US wants to make their air force fight so they attack their homeland to try and make them mad. We wanted to destroy the German air force before because of D-day. Must control the skies or the invasion might not work. Normandy - target rich
- Yamamoto
- the Japanese architect of the attack on Pearl Harbor; educated at Harvard and spoke English fluently; thought of US as "sleeping giant" (shouldn't mess with US); apposed war but thought if Japan is going to go to war they must hit the American fleet at Pearl Harbor.
- Finland
- Only country during WWI that paid us all the money back that we lent them.
- Japanese Goal in November 1941
- stop somewhere to the north of Pearl and launch a full scale air assault on our naval base at Pearl Harbor.
- Truman Doctrine
- containment of communism; led to the defeat of communism; no more isolationism - we are going to get involved in the world; said if you are under pressure by an outside or inside force, turn to the US we will help you.
- Nagaski
- drop 2nd atomic bomb here 3 days later after the 1st bomb in Hiroshima
- Problems with intelligence
- its only one way; not everyone uses it the same; can't always believe what you hear or read; under the impression if they talk about it then its important ex. Battle of the Bulge
- Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty
- Sadat flies to Israel to negotiate peace; Jimmy Carter invites Begin and Sadat to Camp David; Israel and Egypt make peace - first Muslim peace treaty with Israel; Sadat and Begin get Nobel Peace Prize; Sadat assassinated by radical Egyptians - these Egyps combine with others to form Al Qaeda
- Okinawa
- Japanese introduce new weapon called kamikaze here; 20% of all nanval causalities in WWII occurs here
- Eisenhower: New Policies: Roll-back or Liberation
- roll back communist governments; Hungry tries to walk away from communism and they are brutally supressed
- German goal during the Fall of France
- to head to the English Channel to take all the ports. If they take all the ports there is no way the British and the French can get out.
- Invasion of Italy
- Churchill convinces US to invade here; government arrests Mussolini and tries to convince US to switch sides - US cuts another deal with a fascist. Still not the 2nd front we promised. Stalin doesn't trust US.
- Magic and Engma/Ultra
- 2 major break throughs of intelligence in 1944
- Summer 1941
- US tighten economically so tight that Japan has a dilemma. Japan has to import all oil. They give in to us or they go to war. US: wants Japan to get out of China and then they will negotiate. Japan: wants a free hand in China then they will negotiate.
- Point Four (Programs Under Truman)
- misserable failure; 1. came from the 4th point of one of Truman's speeches, 2. this is aimed at the rest of the World vs. Western Europe (they had Marshall Plan), we offer this to keep countries from siding with the Soviet Union and to get OIL from these countries; America offers technology supplies; point is to keep communism out and to get oil; PROBLEM: don't have the money like we did for the Marshall Plan
- SDI
- Strategic Defensive Initiative; this is a missile defense system; if Soviets fire a weapon we will shoot it down
- TET
- battle in Vietnam; a massive uprising of guerilla fighters; VC are no longer a military factor in the war; US greatest victory in Vietnam (N. Vietnam attacks S. Vietnam) our advantage - Mobility and Firepower; TURNING POINT IN THE WAR
- Blitzkrieg
- new tactics: on land; theory/word developed by the British and the French. It uses armor, motorized entry, supported by mobile artillery, as well as air power to break through the enemy line. Create confuse behind the enemy line. Don't allow the enemy to reorganize. Disorganize chaos is what you are to create. Russians called it deep penetration.
- August 6, 1945
- Used 1st atomic bomb on Hiroshima
- If US had lost Midway
- 1. Europe 1st would have been altered and we might not have had D-Day, 2. US test Japanese plane (Zero) for strengths and weaknesses and US outbuilds Japan: more planes, more carriers, smarter pilots, 3. last battle of WWII in the Pacific fought by pre war navies
- "garden hose" analogy
- How FDR convinced congress to pass Lend/Lease
- Eisenhower
- is a Repulican; he balances the budget; he says we want our nukes in one basket...if you attack us we will definitely destroy you (towards Russia)
- October War
- Yam-Ka-Pur: Holy day for Israelis; Sadat is the new leader in Egypt - tries to fight Syrians one more time. He wants to cross the canal on Pontoon Bridges; Egyptians used wired guided missiles; LARGEST TANK BATTLE IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD; Israelis notice Egyptians have no surface air missiles they attack and are winning, Egyptians are taken over; IDF counterattacks - want to get close to Damascus so Syrians will give up; IDF wins because the US re-supplies them
- Postwar: Religion: Neo-Orthodoxy - Karl Barth
- becomes pastor of a reformed church (Calvinist Church); studied theology: the study of what people think about God; he studies the bible and discovers: 1. a personal God, 2. Jesus' redemptive work on the Cross, 3. Jesus is coming back
- New Guinea
- Southern half the Brits and Australians control and Northern half the Japanese control - Japanese want to isolate Australia
- Battle of Britain
- Hitler must invade England. Germany does some damage to Englands radar stations. Lost battle for the Germans because Hitler focused everything on London. If the Germans had landed they would have won.
- Sputnik
- Soviets launch this into space; first satellite in space to orbit the earth; stayed up for a year or so; US fails to launch which increase US education; US creates NASA which contains all of our space intelligence
- 2 things that come out of the invasion of Norway
- New word in the English language: Quisling. Quisling the person was a high ranking Norwegian official who aided the Germans in the invasion and occupation of his own country; Chamberlain who is still Prime Minister makes an outstanding assessment of the German move into Norway.
- Results of Jewish-Arab Wars
- 1. first country to recognize the new state of Israeli was the US. Arabs become uncomfortable with the US bc we recognize JEWS as a state, we do this to keep Soviets out of the middle east. Politics - some states were pro-jews so Truman recognized them to get the vote back into office. 2. Palestinian refugees
- INF
- Intermediate Nuclear Force; this rids all the short range missiles; this starts the REDUCTION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
- The United States
- Japan's biggest supplier of oil in the 1941
- In Vietnam
- our goal: Kill more of them than they kill of us; pays attention to body count - that's how we know if we are winning or not; a war of attrition; body counts are inflated drastically
- Vichy France
- the Germans will occupy the northern regions and coastal regions of France but the rest of France is known as this; a government that will work with the Germans
- U-2 Fiasco
- Francis Gary Powers gets on plane - CIA pilot - flies deep into Soviet territory and photographs where the Soviets are buidling missiles - plane fails and is shot down - Soviets capture the plane - Khrushchev brings forth this evidence of our spying on them - Eisenhower says he will continue to do so too (plan to meet in Paris cancelled now).
- Castro
- ruler of Cuba
- Tactical and Strategic
- 2 types of air forces
- General Patton
- individual not at Normandy; he is putting together his own army, US tries to convince Germans that their army is really big.
- Eisenhower
- commander during the North African (Morocco and Algeria) invasion.
- Middle East: Balfour Declaration and After
- England has run out of money; they turn to bankers to get more money (bankers = Jews); he writes a Jewish banker and says if you give us money England will promote the establishment of a Jewish Homeland in Palestine; ENG needs men - they promise Arabs a state after the war if they will help them; ENG sides with Jews then Arabs (bc they have OIL) - all start shooting each other
- Arizona and Okalahoma
- 2 Battleships out of 7 destroyed that would not see action in WWII
- Ultra
- allied breaking of the code
- Early days of war - Pacific
- US negotiates with Japan because US suffers heavy causalities we think we can't defeat the Japanese
- Dessert Storm
- we must take the offensive and kick Iraq our of Kuwait
- Morocco and Algeria
- place where US and Brits fight to get on shore because it is French territory and the French do not like the British and they are mad because the US brought the Brits along.
- Results from Cuban Missile Crisis
- 1. "The Hot Line" or "The Red Phone" - instantaneous communication with the White House and the Kremlin (In Russia) in case of another crisis; 2. Begins a new arms race - Soviet Union begins to build weapons better bc they do nont want to be inferior to US
- Menachem Begin
- Israeli Prime Minister
- Dry Dock and Tank Form
- 2 things the Japanese did not hit at Pearl Harbor
- Nimitz
- 1 of the 2 that might have come up with idea of island hopping; moves west to the Philippines; used the marinens from Hawaii all the way to Japan
- America's Policy
- FDR September 1940 will conduct a trade with the Brits - short of destroyers. 1941 England out of cash. FDR comes up with Lend/Lease. Can't buy then we will lease and they will give it back after war. US doesn't want the Lend/Lease stuff back after WWII.
- El Alamein
- place where Rommel was defeated by the Brits
- Detente
- Relation of tensions with the Soviet Union; Nixon goes to Moscow (Russia) and does same thing as in China (when he became friends with them) - cultural exchanges, trade agreements; DIFFERNCE: SALT - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks; Nixon resigns at Watergate and THIS fails
- Battle of the Bulge
- December 1944; Germans talking about operation by land lines. Enigma - radio type communication. Land lines - must physically tap lines and also hand deliver the messages.
- Royal Navy and Royal Air Force
- 2 obstacles to a successful cross channel invasion of the British Isles during the Battle of Britain.
- Karl Barth
- famous work is Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans: 1. denounces liberal theology, 2. rejects relativism for absolutes, 3. strong doctrine of sin, 4. theology is Christ-centered, 5. religion is "man's attempt to try and flee God", 6. Christianity is a personal relationship, not a religion, 7. he has prison ministry - preachers to jailors
- Resolution of The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
- US will defend themselves and help any state that needs their help (like Truman Doctrine); athorizes the president to retaliate; reason for the introduction of American ground entry/force
- Truman policy
- US and Soviets began to have problems; Russians want oil company in Iran so they don't want to get out; Turkey - Russia wants the right to defend a few straights in order to control the Med Sea (Turkey says no: US says we will support you. US sends many ships to the Med Sea and Russia backs down); Greece: Civil War - Soviets are behind it
- Johnson and Vietnam: The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
- US sailing in Vietnam waters to show that we can; collecting data; US destroyer is attacked by N. Vietnam torpedo ships; destroyers off in international waters - torpedo boat engage the destroyers - incident probably never happened but Johnson uses it for congress to pass THIS
- The Suez Crisis of 1956
- Nasser tries to nationalize the Suez Canel; ENG and FRA don't like this so they plan to invade and take the canel back; Nasser still has the canel after this; Soviets supply the Egyptians with weapons
- Desert Shield
- we will defend Kuwait against the Iraquis
- Yalta
- FDR, Churchill, and Stalin have a meeting near the Black Sea (Wartime Conference); decided: 1. United Nations would be created 2. Divide Germany into occupation zones (US ENG RUS) then US and ENG give part of their zones to FRA, 3. Fallen Polland - whoever liberates a country gets to set up the gov't for that country. Russia decides to establish a coalition in Poland, 4. The rest of Eastern Europe - Russia sets up the gov't motivated by national security (let them bc they help us with Japan), 5. Far East - US wants Russian help with fighting Japan. PROBLEM: PERCEPTION
- SALT
- Strategic Arms Limitation Talks; this is a limit on nuclear missiles produced
- important facts about invasion of North Africa
- not the 2nd front we promised, only tied down less than 10 German divisions, not really a relief; belief that we might cut a deal with other fascists along the way; FDR says the answer is unconditional surrender - every axis power must surrender to end war
- Barbarossa
- German invasion of Russia. June 22, 1941 German Army invades Soviet Union. Germans didn't concentrate their forces. They never took Moscow like they wanted. Russians had time to redefend when Hitler stopped the forces.
- Korean War
- Marshall Plan, 4th Point, blockade, seems to indicate military confrontation; Causes: 38th Parallel - divides this country, North - Soviets' side and South US's side; North invades the South and tries to push the US off the peninsula; Truman orders US fighters to attack the North; United Nations say North is "an aggressor" and orders everyone to attack; MacArthur is in charge of this war; Inchon - Amphilbious operation (GREATEST IN ALL HISTORY); Tide was a big issue bc when it went out your ships would just sit there until it came back in; there is no treaty ending this war - longest truce in history of war; fought bc we were trying to contain communism
- Beard Thesis
- FDR has been trying to get involved with the Germans; an American historian, argues wants to get into war with Europe (this is the front door and we can't get in) go in the back door of the Pacific - Japans ally is Germany. Go to war with Japan, and then we are at war with Germany. he argues that US set up the fleet at Pearl.
- Battle of Coral Sea
- turns out to be a naval battle; they never land their troops on New Guinea; 2 fleets engage each other using aircraft; 1st naval battle were 2 major fleets engage each other several hundred miles apart.
- Results of the Six Day War
- 1. 242 Plan passed by UN: Israel - give back all the territory you just got and we will ensure your security, Israel becomes much smaller. 2. US decides to support Israel: Don't give the land back until you get the peace promised you
- Pearl Harbor
- Japanese attack on the US; mission was to disable the American fleet it was a Japanese victory; for the US it gives Americans a reason to hate the Japanese. December 7, 1941
- How intelligence helped US
- US kill Yamamoto - we learn he was visiting the front lines to rally the Japanese troops. We sent planes to shoot him down; helps in the Battle of Britain; getting the Germans out of North Africa
- Battle of Midway
- turning point of the war in the Pacific; after this US gerenally has the initiative, we determine when and where to fight not the Japanese
- Tanks, Air Planes, Trucks, and Radio
- Four weapon systems used in WWI and perfected by WWII
- Arab-Israeli Wars: Israel's Declaration of Independence
- Jewish Arab wars: 1. want a state in Palestine bc if they have that they will not have to experience another Holocaust, 2. Partition will not work bc there are pockets of Jews and pockets of Arabs everywhere, 3. Jews smuggle in weapons (they make IDF: Israeli Defense Force: The Jewish army)
- atomic bomb
- Harry Truman decided to use this 1st at the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945; 3 days later US uses it on Nagaski; Russia declares war on Japan; Japan surrenders
- Agreement from Cuban Missile Crisis
- US agrees not to attack Cuba; and Khrushchev agrees to take out nukes, bombers, missiles, etc. from Cuba
- Strategic
- bomber oriented (long range bombers); function is to take the war to the enemy's homeland
- National Security Act
- US gets CIA, Department of Defense, Air Force, NSC
- Magic
- breaking the Japanese code
- island hopping
- Japan tends to fortify every island with at least some men; US takes over all major islands in a group of islands and leaves the small ones; US controls the air and cuts Japanese off from re-supplying; get close to Japan to put in our new bomber in the Pacific and bomb Japanese home islands
- The Six Day War
- tension returns - Nasser kicks the UN peace keepers our of the Israel border; other nations put troops on their border to Israel as well; Israel mobilizes their civilian force (hurts the economy); Moshe Dayan decides to attack first; Egyptian air force is destroyed in a matter of minutes; Arab men report they have pushed the Israelis back
- What defeated the German army at Barbarossa?
- Russian winter. -60 Below; Russian railroads = gage was the problem, German trains couldn't run on Russian tracks; Moving towards Moscow, stops the center force. Takes armor and sends some north and some south. They stopped for a month which gave Russians around Moscow to regroup and reorganize and defend Moscow
- MacArthur
- 1 of the 2 that might have come up with idea of island hopping; works with US army and moves through the Dutch East Indies
- Harry Truman
- person who decided to use atomic bomb
- Saddam Hussein
- needs a quick influx of money; he turns to Kuwait: bc they have lots of money and oil. Iraq takes Kuwait, annex it just days later. Bush will not allow it bc OPEC (oil petroleum organization) will be overtaken by Iraq. The UN tells him to GET out of they will put an economic embargo in place
- NATO
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization; signed by US and 12 other nations; this is a massive alliance; article 5: an attack against one is an attack against all; this is an ENTAGLING ALLIANCE (Washington warned us against getting into world affairs); set up to defend Western Europe from the Soviet Union