Ch 18,20 &21

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John C. Calhoun: a leading United States Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.
Henry Clay: He proposed to congress the compromise of 1850; the senator of kentucky
Liberty Party: The party was an early advocate of the abolitionist cause. It broke away from the American Anti-Slavery Society due to grievances with William Lloyd Garrison's leadership.
Panic of 1857: Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads
positive good: Slavery is a good thing because it educates and cares for African Americans
Dred Scott: A black man who lived with his master in free soil. Abolitionists petition the courts and say he should be free. Chief Justice Taney rules against Dred Scott as a slave and says he's a slave who isnt a citizen and that the constitution was written for
Franklin Pierce: an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States. Pierce's popularity in the North declined sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West.
Planter Aristocracy: These people owned 100+ slaves when a slave was $2,000 and would be like buying a $50,000 car today
Fugitive Slave Law: escaped slaves had to be returned to their owners
Fredrick Douglass: an American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. Called
Secession: Calhoun believes that this is a right of the South to break from the Union.
Confederate States of America: The Country formed by sucession from the Union in which Davis becomes the President
Zachary Taylor: Known as "Old Rough and Ready", he had a 40-year military career in the U.S. Army. A Southern slaveholder who opposed the spread of slavery to the territories, he was uninterested in politics but was recruited by the Whig Party as their nominee in the 1848 presidential election. In the election, he defeated the Democratic nominee, Lewis Cass, and became the first U.S. president never to hold any previous elected office. As president, he urged settlers in New Mexico and California to bypass the territorial stage and draft constitutions for statehood, setting the stage for the Compromise of 1850.
The Impending Crisis of the South: A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book.
Lane Rebels: In 1832, Theodore Dwight Weld went to the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. The seminary was presided over by Lyman Beecher. Weld and some of his comrades were kicked out for their actions of anti-slavery. The young men were known as this. They helped lead and continue the preaching of anti-slavery ideas.
Gradualist: This was the specific category of thought that 90% of abolitionists belonged to. They believed that the South shuld be given time to adjust without slaves and give them an ultimatum. Then they thought that there should be compensation to the slave owners for slaves
VMI: A notable military college in Virginia.
alabaster complexion: This was desired by women. It was creamy white skin which acted as a status symbol
Tubman: Black woman who makes 19 trips back to the South and rescues 300+ slaves. She had a million dollar bounty dead or alive.
Crittenden Compromise: Extends the 36 degree 30 min. into California and sells out interest of Indians but this dosn't pass because Lincoln opposes it.
Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederate States of America
Abraham Lincoln: In1858, he was picked by the newly formed Republican party to run for the US Senate in Illinois.
Kansas-Nebraska Act: created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries. The initial purpose of this was to create opportunities for a Mideastern Transcontinental Railroad. It was not problematic until popular sovereignty was written into the proposal. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois.
Southern Gentleman: These people were like the mideval knights with chivalry. The sons of these people are quite different than merchant princess. They dont need ot learn about their craft so they acquire a militant career in Anapolis or Westpoint
Nat Turner: This slave led slave rebellions in 1831. 60 women and children were slaughtered.
Daniel Webster: Senator who, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency
Station: Homes used as hiding places for the Underground Railroad
David Walker: an American black abolitionist, most famous for his pamphlet , which called for black pride, demanded the immediate and universal emancipation of the slaves, and defended violent rebellion as a means for the slaves to gain their freedom.
John C. Fremont: an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.
Hinton R. Helper: Wrote The Impending Crisis, a book about slavery. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured and killed by Southerners
Stephen A. Douglas: the Democratic Party nominee for President in 1860. He lost to the Republican Party's candidate, Abraham Lincoln, whom he had defeated two years earlier in a Senate contest following a famed series of debates. He was nicknamed the
Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Lincoln challenges Douglas here with the Freeport Doctrine
Winfield Scott: Democratic nominee for election of 1880, also loses narrowly, but only by popular vote
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin which had a large international impact
Kentucky Derby: The horse race that happens the first Saturday in May
Underground Railroad: A secret network which helped slaves to run away. It was illegal like grand theft auto
John Brown: This leads people to attack Ptomey Creek to kill pro-slavery people. He cuts them up and chopped them into pieces.
James Buchanan: Antebellum president who claimed that secession was illegal but going to war was also illegal, indecisive
Garrisonians: These people said
Constitutional Union Party: In 1860 former Whigs who joined the Know-Nothings, who opposed Lincoln and Douglas, started a new party and nominated John Bell who was opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Lecompton constitution.
American Anti-Slavery Society: an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was a key leader of the society and often spoke at its meetings
personal liberty laws: Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves
Lecompton Constitution: People can't vote against slavery and no matter how it turns out there is slavery. Free-soilers boycott
southern nationalism: THe idea that the south would develop into its own country like, its how they became the confederates
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty: A treaty between the United States and Great Britain, negotiated in 1850 by John M. Clayton and Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer .Each were jealous of the activities of the other in Central America. Great Britain had large claims in three regions —British Honduras, the Mosquito Coast and the Bay Islands. On the other hand, the United States, had treaties with Nicaragua and Honduras. It bound both parties not to "obtain or maintain" any exclusive control of the proposed canal, or unequal advantage in its use. It guaranteed the neutralization of the canal. Finally, it stipulated that neither signatory would ever "occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Mosquito Coast or any part of Central America," nor make use of any protectorate or alliance, present or future, to such ends.
Sojourner Truth: an American slave, abolitionist and women's rights activist. She was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York. Her best-known speech, Ain't I a Woman?, was delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio.
Brooks: House or Representatives member who pounds Sumner with a cane. He decides to resign but his district re-elects him. Some send him gold headed canes.
American (Know-Nothing) Party: strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success. There were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class and entirely Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery. Most ended up joining the Republican Party by the time of the 1860 presidential election
Chip and Dale: A fine furniture provider
New England Immigrant Aid Society: 1854 was created to pay antislave settlers to go into Kansas, so when the state voted on whether or not to allow slavery the vote would be on the antislave side.
Elijah P. Lovejoy: an American Presbyterian minister, journalist and newspaper editor who was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois for his abolitionist views.
Matthew C. Perry: Persuaded the Japanese to sign a treaty allowing commercial transactions between the US and Japan
Cotton Kingdom: refered to the south as a huge agricultural factory which pours out avalanches of fluffy fiber
Slave Codes: These set of laws protected slavery and became more strict after Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831). Now emancipation became illegal. It was Illegal for slaves to meet in groups of 3 or more. It was illegal to teach slaves to read or write. Slaves couldn't own weapons, testify or leave the property without travel papers
Sport of Kings: This is what they called horse racing with pure breads
Martin Van Buren: He was one of the presidents who didn't let the independent Country of Texas to be admitted into the union; he also lost the Democratic nomination for president to James K Polk in the 1844, avoiding the touchy topic of the Texas annexation to prevent alienation of constituents. However, his seeming indecisiveness on the matter actually drove said constituents away.
Station Masters: People who owned
Arthur and Lewis Tappan: They focused extensively on the captive Africans. They were one of the biggest supporters who acquired high quality legal representation for the captives which allowed them to be set free eventually. They not only got the Africans legal help, acquittal, but also managed to increase public support, and finally organized the return home for the captive Africans.
Freeport Doctrine: This sinks Douglas in his debates with Lincoln. Lincoln asked Douglas if the people would decide slavery or the Supreme Court. Lincoln pins him on his
Black Belt South: The area from South Carolina to Oklahoma. It had black, fertile soil and was good for cotton. Here slaves made up 1/2 of the population.
Theodore Dwight Weld: played a role as writer, editor, speaker, and organizer. He is best known for his co-authorship of the authoritative compendium, American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, published in 1839. Harriet Beecher Stowe partly based Uncle Tom's Cabin on Weld's text and it is regarded as second only to that work in its influence on the antislavery movement.
Bloodhound Bill: This is the Northern term for the bill that states that the South would have a strong fugitive slave law which says that if you are found helping a slave you punishment at max was 6 months or $2,000 fine. If theyre apprehended a federal commissioner would receive $5 for letting them go and $10 to give them back. Now slaves run to Canada.
Conductors: Guides for the Underground Railroad
Antebellum: The period of time before the Civil War
Charles Sumner: A radical abolitionist who makes a speach called
Bleeding Kansas: When pro-slavery people burn Lawrence it creates a ping-pong battle of strikes between abolitionists and slavery supporters. Hence they called Kansas this.
Rod Blagojevich: The current Democrat governor of Illinois who tried to sell Obama's empty senate seat.
John Bell: Tennessee politician and Plantation owner, nominated for president in 1860 by the United States Constitutional Union Party (Whig's) but lost to Lincoln and the Republicans.
redneck: A pejorative phrase that distinguish those who own slaves from those who don't.
The Citadel: A military school in South Carolina. This college only allowed men until the 1990s.
Millard Fillmore: Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.
William Lloyd Garrison: This man wrote the Liberator and believed in Radical Abolitionism
Compromise of 1850: The immortal trio (Clay, Webster and Calhoun) try to compromise. Along with them are the younger Lions (Douglas of Illinois, Seward of the East and Davis of the South. California was admitted as a free state; Texas received money for relinquishing claims to lands west of the Rio Grande in what is now New Mexico; the Territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona and a portion of southern Nevada) was organized without any specific prohibition of slavery; the slave trade was terminated in the District of Columbia; and the stringent Fugitive Slave Law was passed, requiring all U.S. citizens to assist in the return of runaway slaves regardless.
John Crittenden: In December, 1860 he promoted a last minute compromise to hold the Union together, the Crittenden Compromise. It consisted of six unamendable amendments to the Constitution
Ostend Manifesto: The Ostend Manifesto was a document sent to Pierre Soulé the US diplomat to Spain about the purchase or seizure of Cuba from Spain. This would bring in Cuba as a state and that would screw up the balance between free and slave states. When the public heard about the document after it was leaked the North Eastern wealthy elite business owners were outraged.
Abolitionism: This ideology said that slavery should be made illegal but not necessarily give the blacks equal rights.
James Gadsden: American diplomat, politician, and railroad promoter who negotiated the Gadsden Purchase.
Liberia: Country established by the US. Its capital is Monrovia. This is where blacks were shipped back to Africa
Oligarchy: This term was used in terms of the ruling of the Planter
Radicals: This was the specific category of thought that 10% of abolitionists belonged to. They did not agree with compensation or any gradual means of abolishing slavery. They wanted it done right away.
Harpers Ferry: Location of federal arsenal that John Brown raided to get guns to arm slaves
Anapolis or Westpoint: Two notable military colleges that taught
fire eaters: People of the south that were violently opposed to the concessions
Popular Sovereignty: This was a panacea and the idea that the people of a territory will vote for or against slavery
William H. Seward: "Higher law" and natural rights, Opposed slavery expansion, Whig senator. "Irrepressible conflict" expansion of slavery between north and south
Roger Taney: Chief Justice in the Dred Scott case.
Free Soilers: A movement of people who say that slavery is protected but to stop letting it expand when the US acquires new land. Lincoln belonged to this group
Pottawatomie Creek Massacre: In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas
self-determination: countries should be allowed to set up their own democratically elected government
The Liberator: Garrison's newspaper that condemned the South for slavery
John C. Breckenridge: angered southern democrats ---extension of slavery in territrores and the annexation of slaves pop cuba
Mullatoes: People of mixed African and other ancestry.
Gag Resolution: Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives
Lewis Cass: He was nominated as President after Polk and he evolved a doctrine of popular sovereignty. He argued that slavery should be kept out of Congress and left to the people.
Denmark Vesey: an African American slave brought to the United States. After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and Charleston, South Carolina authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. He and others were tried, convicted and executed.

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