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dow jones industial average: index of stock prices of select companies
ho chi nihn trail: newtwork of paths running between north and south vietnam
enumerated powers: powers specifically granted in the constitution
tecumseh: shawnee chief who formed native american confederation to fight americans
joseph mccarthy: republican senator who claimed communists were taking over the federal government
spoils system: system in wich incoming political parties throw out former government workers and replace them with their own friends
bimetallism: backing money with silver and gold
nation of islam: group headed by elijah muhammad
war hawk: one who favors war
reconstruction finance corporation: agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large business, insurance companies, and banks
texas revolution: texas's war for independence from mexico
tariffof 1816: a protective tariff designed to help american industries
bill of rights: first ten amendments
affirmative action: program aimed at hiring or including minorities
h-bomb: hydrogen bomb
clara barton: union nurse
hillary rodham clinton: first lady and health care reformer
scopes trial: trial of john scopes for teaching evolution
office of price administration: agency of the federal government that fought inflation
ashcan school: a school of painting that featured urban life and working people with gritty realism
jefferson davis: president of the confederate states of america
home rule: ability to run state governments without the interference of the federal government
san juan hill: location of an important american land victory in cuba
appeasement: trying to pacify an aggressor in order to keep the peace
gettysburg address: important speech by president lincoln
samuel adams: one of the founders of the sons of liberty
george grenville: financial expert who was appointed prime minister of britain in 1763
f. scott fitzgerald: novelist
chiang kai-shek: leader of the nationalist forces in china
nacw: national association of colored women; founded in 1896 to improve living and working conditions for african-american women
w.e.b. du bois: first african american to receive ph.d from harvard
john j. pershing: u.s. general who led troops to capture villa
roger sherman: delegate who developed the great compromise
excise tax: tax on goods produced within the country
northwest ordinance of 1787: law that organized the norhtwest territories
john deere: inbentor of the steel plow
herbert hoover: 31st president
loyalists: colonists who were loyal to britain
urban sprawl: the outward expansion of cities
teaty of versilles: the 1919 teaty that ended world war 1
nagasaki: japanese city that was the site of the second atomic-bomb drop
internet: worldwide computer network
mass production: the making of goods in large amounts
ommon sence: pamphlet written by thomas paine that attacked the monarchy
treaty of ghent: treaty that ended the war of 1812
harlem renaissance: african american artistic movement
jazz: a style of music characterized by improvisation
hot line: direct phone line between the white house and the kremlin
national bank act: law that set up a system of federally chartered banks
dwight d. eisenhower: american general
deficit spending: spending more than the government receives in revenue
tet offensive: series of vietcong attacks during the 1968 tet holiday
trenton: battle won by the americans in 1776
boss tweed: head of new york city's powerful democratic political machine
infromation superhighway: popular name for a proposed computer network
utopian communities: exerimental communities designed to be perfect societies
roger williams: puritan dissenter wh set up a new colony in thode island
war-guilt clause: part of the treaty of versailles in which germany took responsibility for the war
poll tax: money one had to pay in order to vote
bull moose party: nickname for the new progressive party, which was formed to support roosevelt in the election of 1912
axis powers: germany, italy, and japan
new left: name given to the youth movement of the 1960s
niagara movement: insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education
price support: law that keeps prices above a set level
progressive movement: social reform movement in the early 20th century
mccolloch v. maryland: supreme cout case that denied martland the right to tax the bank of the united states
marquis de lafayette: french noble who helped the americans
albert b. fall: secretary of the interior under harding
national road: a federallt funded road,stretching from cumberland,maryland,t vandalia,illinois
war powers act: act that forbids the president from mobilizing troops without congressional approval
contras: rebel forces supported by ronald reagan to overthrow the sandinistas
u.s.s. maine: u.s. warship that exploded in a cuban harbor in 1898
alvin york: american war hero
gi bill of rights: law passed by congress to help servicemen readjust to civilian life
allies: group of nations, including the united states, britain, and the soviet union, who opposed the axis powers
roosevelt corollary: roosevelt's 1904 extension of the monroe doctrine, starting that the united states has the right to protect its economic interests in south and central america by using military force
internment: confinement under guard, especially during wartime
ngo dinh diem: leader of south vietnam
bread line: a ling of people waiting for free food
samuel j. tilden: demoncratic presidential candidate in 1976
fort sumter: union fort in charleston,south carola
john ehrlichman: adviser to nixon
james k.polk: 11th president
ghetto: a segregated neighborhood
long drive: three-month long overland transport of cattle
recall: a vote on whether to remove a public official from office
feminism: the belief that women should be equal to men in all areas
clark clifford: a lyndon johnson adviser who became his secretary of defense
bonus army: unemployed world war 1 veterans who marched to washington to demand their war bonuses
national energy act: law that aimed to conserve energy
henry clay: speaker of the house of representatives and political leader from kentucky
eli whitney: invenrot of interchangeable and the cotton gin
john winthrop: leader of the first settlers at massachusetts bay colony
eleanor roosevelt: first lady, social reformer, political advisor
black codes: laws enacted in many southern states that discriminated against african americans
fory pillow: site of confederate massaccre of more than 200 african american war prisoners
blacklist: list of people in the hollywood film industry who were refused jobs because they did not cooperate with huac
slave: person who is considered the property of another
james farmer: civil rights leader who founded the congress of racial equality
warren court: the supreme court under chieft justice earl warren
pay equility: situation in which women and men recieve equal pay for equal work
search and destroy mission: tactic in which u.s. troops destoyed vietnamese villages
counterculture: movement whose members sought to drop out of mainstream society
john collier: commissioner on indian affairs
antonio lopez de santa anna: mexican president who fought texans in the texes revolution
a. philip randolph: important african-american labor leader
federal home loan bank act: law passed in 1931 to reduce mortgage rates to save farmers from foreclosure
bessemer process: technique used to make steel from iron
conscientious objector: a person who believes fighting is wrong and therefore does not want to serve in the military
Hohokam: NativeAmericans who lived in the Southwest from avout A.D 300 to 1300
wilmot proviso: bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the war with mexico
brigham young: leader of the mormons who decided to move to the group west to utah
apprentice: a worker learninga trade or craft, usually under the supervision o a master
buying on margin: buying stock by paying only a portion of the full cost up-front with promises to pay the rest later
chester a, authur: 21st president of the united states
Anasazi: Natibe Americans who lived in the southwest from about A.D. 300 to 1300
gag rule: a rule limiting debate on an issue
armistice: truce agreement
upton sinclair: novelist who exposed social problems
concentration camps: prison camps operated by the nazis where jews and others were starved while doing slave labor, or murdered
king george 3: king of england during the american revolution
conscription: drafting of civilans to serve in the army
anarchists: people who opposed any form of government
annex: to make part of, incorporate
students for a democratic society: prominent group of the new left
platt amendment: provisions in the cubian constitution that gave the united states broad rights in that country
north atlantic treaty organization: defensive military alliance of the untied states, canada, and ten european nations
service sector: the part of the economy where businesses provide services rather than material goods
branero: farm workers entering the united states from mexico
cia: intelligence-gathering, or spy, agency of the united states government
cesar chavez: leader of the farm workers movement
franchise: company that offers similar products or services in many locations
personal liberty laws: laws passed by norhern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves
lend-lease act: law that allowed lending or leasing arms to any nation "whose defense was vital to the united states"
columbian exchange: early trad across the atlantic ocean
separatists: members of a puritan group who established their own congregations
encomienda: brutal spanish system of using native americans for labor
eisenhower doctrine: policy of the united states that it would defend the middle east against attack by any communist country
monroe doctrine: warning to european nations not to interfere in the americas
limited test ban treaty: treaty that barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere
nikita khruschev: soviet leader
brinkmanship: willingness to go to the edge, or brink, of war
l. douglas wilder: nations first african american governor
hiram revels: first african-american senator
fourteen points: wilsons plan for world peace following world war 1
national trades': early national workers'organization
jim crow laws: laws that helped keep whites and blacks separate
the federalist: essays written by the federalist leaders that defended the constiution
alfred t. mahan: american imperialist and admiral who urged the united states to build up its navy and take colonies overseas
sit-in: protest tactic in which blacks occupied white-only seats at lunch counters
dixiecrat: southern democrat who left the party
war production board: government agency that decided whcih companies would make war materials and how to distribute raw materials
susan b. anthony: leader of the woman suffrage movement, who helped to define the movement's goals and beliefs and to lead its actions
elizabeth cady stanton: leader in the abolitionist and women's right movements
frances perkins: secretary of labor
franscisco franco: fascist dictator of spain
sanford b. dole: american businessman who became president of the new government of hawaii after the queen was pushed out
alliance for progress: a program that supplied aid to latin american
sectionalism: practice of placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole
cottage industy: system in which manufactuters provided the materials for goods to be produced at home
reverse discrimination: discrimination agains whites to make up for past discrimination against others
united farm workers organizing committee: union that fought for farm workers rights
civilian conservation corps: program to employ young men in work projects
grange: organization that fought for famers' rights
landston hughes: poet
thurgood marshall: african american lawyer who led the legal challenge against segregation
radical republican: one of the congressonal republicans who wanted to destroy the political power o slaveholders and to give african americans citixenship and the right to vote
gatt: international trade agreement
draft: system for calling people to military service
panic of 1873: financial crisis that started an economic depression
hideki tojo: prime minister of japan during world war 2
debt peonage: a system in which a person is forced to work to pay off debts
ethel and julius rosenberg: activists in the american communist party who were executed as spies
lauro cavasos: appointed secretary of education by president reagan
american system: clay's plan for economic development
Kashaya pomo: natice american group that lived in what is now california
booker t. washington: prominent african-american educator
legislative branch: the branch of govermunt that makes laws
alexander graham bell: inventor of the telephone
proprietor: owner of a colony
trail o tears: path the cherokee were forced to travel from georgia to indian territory
anifederalists: people opposed to ratification of the new constitution
john marshall: chief justice of the supreme court
nasdaq: the technolofy dominated sock index
salt 1 treaty: treaty to limit nuclear weapons
dorothea dix: reformer who worked for improved treatment of the mentally ill
appomattox court house: site of the confederate surrender
battle of wounded knee: u.s. massacre of sioux at wounded knee creek, south dakota
works progress administration: new deal jobs program
trench warfare: fighting between fortified ditches
assimilation: name of plan to make native americans part of white culture
manhattan project: secret research project that resulted in the atomic bomb
suffrage: right to vote
wagner act: law to protect workers rights
cult of domesticity: social customs that resricted women to caring for the house
plymouth colony: second permanent english colony in north america founded by the pilgrims
38th parallel: imaginary line that divides korea at 38 degrees north latitude
panama canal: a channel across central america, between the atlantic and pacific oceans, opened in 1914
john smih: leader of jamestown
horace greeley: newspaper editor who strongly supported the newlyformed republican party
french and indian war: war that gave the british control of north america
congress: national legislature
zimmermann note: message proposing an alliance between germany and mexico
populism: political movement that sought advancement for farmers and laborers
martial lw: rule by the military
termination policy: federal government decision to end gerderal responsibility for native american tribes
monitor: union ironclad ship
proclamation of 1763: law limiting the area of english settlement
bank of the united states: a national bank funded by the federal goverment and wealthy investors
nullification: the idea that states had the right to nullify or void any law they deemed unconstitutional
daniel webster: a senate leader form massachusetts
preamble: introduction to the constitution
black panthers: african american group founded to combat police brutality
enlightenment: intellectual movement that started in europe
ernest hemingway: novelist
federalism: the divison of power between the federal and state goverments
longhorn: strurdy cattle accustomed to dry grassland
espionage and sedition acts: laws that enacted harsh penalties against anyone opposing u.s. participation in world war 1
h.r. haldeman: adviser to nixon
dean rusk: secretary of state under johnson
benjamin franklin: philadephia inbentor,writer,and political leader
benito mussolini: fascist dictator of italy
kristallnacht: name given the night of november 9, 1938, when nazis in germany attacked jews, their businesses, and their synagogues
friedrih von steuben: prussioa pfficer who helped train american soldiers
gentlemen's agreement: agreement that limited japanese emigration to u.s.
sacco and vanzetti: immigrant anarchists accused of murder
no mans land: the space between armies fighting each other
meat inspection act: law reforming meatpacking conditions, 1906
queen liliuoklani: the hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a recolution started by american business interests
james buchanan: 15th president
william jefferson clinton: 42nd president
jose marti: political activist who worked for cuban independence
fannie lou hamer: prominent voting rights activist
john foster dulles: secretarty of state
pequot war: a 1637 conflict in which the pequots bttled connecticut colonists
bull tun: battle won by the confederates
ellis island: inspection station for immigrants arriving on the west coast
james weldon johnson: poet and civil rights leader
zachary taylor: american general in war with mexico
bank of the united states: national bank established by congress first in 1791 and then in 1816
great awakening: teligious revial movement in the colonies
interstate commerce act: law granting congress authority to regulate railroad activities
emancipation: the freeing of slaves
gadsden purchase: purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary
joseph stalin: communist dictator of the soviet union
william tecumseh sherman: commander of union troops in gergia and south caralina
salutary neglect: an engish policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
james meredith: african american who won enrollement to the all-white university of mississippi
moral majority: organization formed to fight for traditional values
shantytown: a neighborhood here people live in shacks
deregulation: the cutting back of federal regulation of industry
war industries board: agency to improve efficiency in war-related industries
checks and balances: powers given to separate branches of goverment to keep any one from gettion too much power
oliver hudson kelley: farmer who founded the grange
yorktown: battle that gave americans victory in the war
operation desert storm: the 1991 u.s. attack on iraq to forve the iraqis out of kuwait
kerner commission: commission that reported on race relations in america
george gershwin: composer
republic: a government in which the people elect representatives to govern
dove: american individual who called for america to wtihdraw from vietnam
black power: movement that stressed black pride
gernald r. ford: 38th president
impeachment: the constitutional process for removing a president from office
morrill act: act that helped establish agricultural colleges
telecrommunications act: controlversial law to reform the communications industry
lusitania: british passenger ship attacked and sunk by germans
eugene mccarth: a democratic presidential candidate who ran on antiwar platform
brown v. board of education: supreme court case in which segregated schools were ruled unconstitutional
honathn edwards: forceful preacher in the great awakening
harriet beecher stowe: author of the antislavery novel uncle toms cabin
congress of racial equality: interracial organization formed to fight discrimination
john l. lewis: president of the united mine workers
tonkin gulf resolution: resolution that allowed president johnson to fight in vietnam
neutrality: to support neither side
alger hiss: former state dapartment official
sandra day o connor: first women supreme court justice
quota system: a system that established the maximum number of people who could enter the united states from each country
camp david accords: agreements between israel and egypt
saratoga: battle won by the americans in 1777
mao zedong: leader of the communist forces in china
toyal colony: a colony under the direct control of a monarch
agent orange: chemical that destroyed jungle land
robert mcnamara: secretart of defense under johnson
emilio aguinaldo: filipino rebel leader
hentry kissinger: nixon adciser who helped negotiate an end to the war
treaty of tordesillas: agreement between spain and portugal to explore different lands
civil rights act of 1964: law that outlawed racial discrimination
double standard: set of principles granting one group more freedom than another group
propaganda: a kind of biased communication designed to influence peoples thoughts and actions
opec: organization of nations that export oil
freeport doctrine: idea that any territory could ban slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supporting it
jamestown: first permanent nglish settlement in norh america
republican party: politica party formed to oppose extending slavery in the territories
nafta: trade agreement between canada, mexico, and the united states
famers' alliances: groups of farm organizations
louisiana purchase: land bought from france in 1803
truman doctrine: u.s. policy of sending aid to any nation trying to prevent a communist takeover
naacp: national association for the advancement of colored people, founded in 1909 to work for racial equality
immigration act of 1965: established new immigration system that allowed more immitgrants into the u.s.
republic of texas: independent nation that was created agter texans defeated mexico in the revolution
ho chi minh: leader of north vietnam
realpolitik: nixons foreign poilcy that attempted realistic politics
pearl harbor: naval port in hawaii
battle of midway: american victory that was the turning point in the pacific war
committee to reelect the president: nixons committee
robert e lee: confederate general
selective service act: law requiring men to register for military service
toger b. taney: chief justice who wrote the ruling in the dred scott case
ida b. wells: african-american reformer who tried to end lynching
freedmen's bureau: government agency that helped former slaves and poor whites by giving out food and clothing and by setting up schools and hospitals
francis gary powers: pilot of an american u-2 spy plane
checks and balances: provisions o the constitution that keep one branch of the government from controlling the other two branches
nineteenth amendment: amendment to the constitution giving women the right to vote
nawsa: national american women suffrage association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote
Renaissance: period when eupopeans began investigating all aspects of the physical world
free speach movement: new left group that attcked business and government
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo: treaty ending the war with mexic
american system: clay's speaker of thehouse of representatives and political eader from kentucky
silent majortiy: those mainstream americans who supported nixons policies
joseph smith: founder and leader of the mormons
acaconda plan: three-part union strategy to the cibil war
warren commission: the body that investigated the assassination of president kennedy
dust bowl: area of the great plains made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms in the 1930s
james madison: one of the leaders of the consitutional convention
marshall plan: program under which the united states gave economic aid to rebuild postwar western europe
parity: an equal or fair amount
federal reserve system: national banking system begun in 1913
voting rights act of 1965: act that struck down state laws intended to keep blacks from voting
environmentalist: person who actively tries to protext the envirnment
wade-davis bill: bill passed by congress, and vetoed by president lincoln, that would have given congress control of reconstruction
martin luther king, jr.: leader of the civil rights movement
charles evans hughes: secretary of state under harding
allies: one side in world war 1: great britain, france, and russia, later joined by the u.s
double jeopardy: being tried more than once for the same crime
new frontier: the name given to kennedys domestic program
japanese american citizens league: civil rights group formed by japanese americans
berlin airlift: resupply of west berlin by u.s. and british planes during soviet blockade of 1948
civil service: government administration
civil rights act of 1968: act that banned dicrimination in housing
intolerable acts: a series of laws set up by parliamant to punish massachusetts for its protests against the british
john c. calhoun: vice-president and congressional leader from south carolina
v-e day: victory in europe day, may 8, 1945
woodrow wilson: winner of the 1912 presidential election
division of labor: the assignment of different jobs to different individuals
new deal coalition: voters from different groups that supported the democratic party because of the new deal
george m. pullman: inventor of the sleeping car
blockade: sealing sports to prevent other shps from entering or leaving
edmond genet: french diplomat who tried to get american support against the british
william lioyd garrison: abolitionist leader
mikhail gorbachev: last leader of the soviet union
telegtaph: device that sends messages by wires
affirmative action: programs that required special consideration for racial and ethnic minorities of women
new federalism: plan to give ferderal power back to the states
perestroika: gorbachevs policy of reforming the economy in the soviet union
boulder dam: dam on the colorado river built during the depression to create jobs
chester nimitz: commander of american naval forces in the pacific
inflation: rise in the price of gods
habeas corpus: court order that says that a person who is jailed has to appear before the couty to determine why he or she is bein jailed
urbanization: the growth of cities
munn v. illinois: court case that gave government right to regulate private industry
alfred e. smith: democratic presidential candidate in 1928
dawes act: law that broke up native american resercations
nationalism: a belief that national interests as a whole sould be mote impotant than what one region wants
atlantic charter: british and american statement of goals for fighting world war 2
agricultural adjustment act: programs to help farmers
speakeasy: hidden saloons and nightclubs that illegally sold liquor
cash crop: a crop grown for sale rather than for the farmer's use
american expeditionary force: the name given to the american military force that fought in world war 1
eddie rickenbacker: famous american fighter pilot
yellow journalism: reporting in newspapers and magazines that exaggerates the news in order to make it more exciting
aids: fatal disese with no known cure, that became a u.s. and world wide epidemic
northwest ordiance of 1787: law that oranized the northwest territories
john brwn brown: fierce opponent of slavery who led a raid that killed five proslavery people
inca: people who built am empire along the west coast of south america, beginning in the 1400s
Aztec: people who bilt an empire in mexico, beginning in the 1400s
strategic defense initiative: proposed system to defend te united states against missile attacks
hollywood ten: people called before huac who did not cooperate
gettysburg: most decisive battle of the war
reparations: payments made by defeated countries after a war
george w. bush: 43rd preident of u.s.
omar bradley: american general
protective tariff: tax on imported goods to protect domestic business
great society: name given to johnsons domestic agenda
james a. garfield: 20th president of the united states
nathaniel bacon: planter who led a rebellion in 1678 against the gobernor of the vigina colony
land ordinance of 1785: a law that set up a plan for wurveying land west of the appalachian mountains
industrial revolution: a change in the making of goods from small workshops to large factories that used machines
adams-onis treaty: treaty that secured the purchase of florida from spain
mark twain: pen name of the novelist and humorist samuel longhorne clemens
satellite nation: country dominated by the soviet union
florence kelley: social reformer
adolf hitler: nazi dictator of germany
mandate: an overwhelming show of support by voters
nat tuner: leader of a violent slave rebellion
holocaust: systematic murder of 11 million jews and other people in europe by the nazis
rationing: restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military
martin van buren: eighth president
confederacy: confederate states of america formed in 1861 by the southern states that seceded from the union
george marshall: army chief of staff during world war 2
judge john sirica: judge inthe trial of the watergate bulglars
urban flight: movement of people away from cities
george callace: a third pary candidate in the 1968 presidential election
thaddeus stevens: one of the leaders of the radical republicans
tennessee calley authority: regional work project of lasting value
the beatles: british rock group that helped popularize rock 'n' roll
andersonville: confederate war camp
mccarthyism: term used to refer to tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without producing evidence
phyllis schlafly: equal rights amendment opponent
army of the republic of vietnam: the south vietnamese military forces
christopher columbus: italian explolter who sailed to north ameica for spain
stonewall jackson: confederate general
new netherland: colony founded by the dutch in 1621
"fifty-four forty or fight!": slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a vall for u.s. annexation of the oregon terriotory
great migration: movement of many african americans to nothern cities from the south in the early 1900s
direct relief: money or food given from the government to the needy
kkk: terrorist group of white southerners who used violence to keep blacks from voting
revenue sharing: plan for the federal power back to the states
supreme cort: highest federal court in the united states
second great awakening: widespread spirtual movment
communism: an economic system that supports government control over property to create equality
totalitarian: government that has complete control over its citizens and puts down all opposition
valley forge: place where washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778
george bush: reagans vice president elected president in 1988
foraker act: law which ended military rule in puerto rico
huac: house committee on un-american activities
income tax: tax that takes a percentage of an individuals income
fjudicial review: auhority to decide whether a law is constitutional
antevellum: pre-civil war
kent state universiry: site of protest where national gaurd killed four students
dollar diplomacy: the policy of intervening in other countries to protect u.s. business interests
george o`keeffe: artist
j. robert oppenheimer: scientist who led the manhattan project
sherman antitrst act: law that outlawed trusts
economic opporunity act: act that created numerous antipoverty measures
santo fe trail: trail from missouri to oregon
neville chamberlain: prime minister of great britain before world war 2
glasnost: gorbachevs policy of openness in duscussing problems in the soviet union
republicanism: the idea that governments should be based on the consent of the people
Islam: religion founded by the prophet muhammad in the 600s
vietnamization: president nixons plan for ending americas involvement in the war
henry david thoreau: author of walden who practiced ideas of transcendentalism
nativism: suspicion of foreign-born people
henry cabot lodge: conservation senator who wanted to keep the united states out of the league of nations
treaty of fort laramie: treaty that gave native americans control of the central plains
winston churchill: prime minister of great britain during world war 2
reformation: split in the christian church that led to protestantism
john f. kennedy: 35th president of the united states
temperance movement: movement to ban the drinking of alcohol
alamo: site of a key battle in the taxas revolution
equal rights amendment: amendment to the u.s. constitution that would prohibit discrimination agaist women
three-fifths compromise: compromis that allowed states to count tree-fifths of their slaves as part o the population
planned obsolescence: purposely making products to become outdated or wear out quickly
kongo: small kingdoms on the lower congo river united under one ruler
scalawag: white southerner who joined the republican party
rock 'n' roll: form of popular music, characterized by heacy rhythms and simple melodies, that developed from rhythm and blues in the 1950s
new mexico: spanish colonies in norht america
panic of 1837: a series of financial failures that led to an economic depression
abolition: movenent to outlaw slavery
franklin delano roosevelt: 32nd president
joseph pulitzer: owner of the new york world newspaper
square deal: president rooselvelt's program of progressive reforms
journeyman: skilled worker employed by a master
patriots: colonists who wanted independence from britain
puritans: members of a religious group known for its strict beliefs
lineage: descent from a common ancestor
massachusetts bay colony: colony founded by puritans in 1630
john d. rockefeller: head of the standard oil company
glorious revolution: overthrow of james 2
edwin l. drake: first person to use steam engine to drill for oil
fundamentalism: religious movement based on the belief that everything written in the bible was literally true
saturday night massacre: nixons firing of justice department officials, including the special prosecutor investing watergate
ronald reagan: 40th president
conquistador: spanish explorer
tenenment: multifamily urban dwellings
crusades: series of wars started by europeans to win back the holy land from the muslims
betty friedan: autor of the feminine mystique
zora neale huston: anthropologist and author
domino theory: eisenhowers explantion for shopping communism
valeriano wayler: general sent from spain to cuba to restore oerder in 1896
stephen f.austin: leader of american colony in texes
grover cleveland: 22nd and 24th president of the united states
federal deposit insurance corporation: insurance for savings
samuel F.B. morse: inventor of the telegraph
flapper: young women who embraced the new fashions and values of the 1920s
baby boom: soaring birthrate from 1946 to 1964
armistice: end to fithting the war
little turte: native american leader who led native american confederacy against americans in the battle of fallen timbers
inf treaty: treaty to reduce nuclear weapons
fourteenth amendment: gave african americans citizenship
sam houston: first presiden of the republic of texas
indian removal act: law that forced native americans to move west
glass-steagall act: law that created insurance for bank deposits
manifest destiny: belief that the united states wuld expand across the continent
franklin prierce: 14th president
popular sovereignty: idea that people living in a territory should make their own decisions,especially the decision to admit slavery
cotton jin: ili whitney's invention for cleaning cotton
john jay: negotiated a treaty with britain over territory
electral college: a group selected to elect the president,in which each state's number of its senators and representatives in congress
sir edmund andros: governor appointed by the king of england to govern over the dominion of england
peace crops: a program that enlisted colunteers to help in poor countries
payne-aldrich tariff: bill meant to lower tariffs on imported goods
underground railroad: secret network of people who hid fugitive slves who went north to freedom
iron curtain: the division of europe between free and communist countries
conglomerate: major corporation that owns smaller companies in unrelated industries
the jungle: novel by upton sinclair describing meatpacking
republic of california: nation declared by american settlers after defeating mexicans
gone with the wind: popular movie
richard wright: author
middle passage: the voyage that brought slaves to america
warren g. harding: 29th president of the united states
olmec: people who created a civilixation in guatermala and the yucatan peninsula,acout A.D. 250 to 900
black tuesday: october 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed
national industrial recovery act: programs to help industry
king philip's war: conflict between settlers and native americans
stamp act: law passed by parliament to make colonists buy a stamp to place on many items such as wills and newspapers
executive branch: the branh of goverment that enforces the laws
mestizo: person of mixed spanish and native american descent
cold war: state of hostility between the soviet union and the untied states but without military action
quakers: members of a religious group known for tolerance
isolationism: pulling away from world affairs
human rights: rights and freedoms that al people should enjoy
fordney-mccumber tarriff: high tax on imports adopted in 1922
clarence darrow: famous trial lawyer
john mitchell: attorney general and director of nixons campaign
imperialism: the practice of strong countries taking economic, political, and military power over weaker countries
kwakiutl: native american group that lived on the norhwest coast
downsize: to reduce the number of workers on staff
kansas-nebraska acy: law that split nevraska in to the territories of nevraska and kansas and allowed for popular sovereignty there
family assistance plan: nixons welfare reform proposal to give direct relief to poor families
pure food and drug act: law to stop the sale of unclean food and drugs, 1906
rutherford b. hayes: 19th president of the united states
berlin wall: barrier build to keep east germans from fleeing to west berlin
daniel burnham: chicago architect
william penn: founder of pennsylvania
forty-niners: people who came to california in 1849 in search of gold
winfield scott: american general in war with mexico
dr. jonas salk: developer of a vaccine to prevent polio
george dewey: u.s. naval commander who led the american attack on the philippines
congress of industrial organizations: labor union
charles grandison finney: an improtant preacher in the revivalist movement
blitzkrieg: lightning war strategy used by germany again poland
cyrus mccormick: inventor of the mechanical reaper
reconstruction: period of rebuilding the nation afrer the civil war
american gerderation of labor: name of union led by gompers
jane adams: social reformer who helped the poor
eugene v. debs: leader of the american railway union
beat movement: writers who made fun of the conformity and materialism of mainstream american society
louis sullican: early leader of architecture
korean war: war begun when north korea invaded south korea in 1950
copperhead: northrn democrat who advocated making peace with the confderacy during the cibil war
richard m. nixon: 37th president
taiwan: island off the coast of china
suburb: residential town or community near a city
de facto segregation: segregation by custom or practice
great plains: the grassland region of the united states
pendleton civil service act: that implemented merit system in civil service hiring
orville and wilbur wright: brothers who flew the first airplane
antietam: union victory
Hopewell: Mound-building people who lived in the ohio river vally
tiananmen square: place in beijing where chinese protesters demostrated against the communist government
georges clemenceau: french premier
richard nixon: president of the united states, elected 1968
william westmoreland: commander of u.s. troops in vietnam
battle of the bugle: german counteroffensive in december 1944
political machine: a group that controlled a political party
shiloh: union victory
abraham lincoln: president duting the civel war
parliament: the lawmaking body of england
freedom riders: civil rights activists who tried to end segregation on national buses
merrimack: confederate ironclad ship
john hay: u.s. secretary of state
nazism: fascist political philosophy of germany under nazi dictator hitler
federal communications commission: government agency that regulates the communications industry
prince henry: protuguese prince who started by europeans to win back the holy land from the muslims
christopher sholes: inventor of the typewriter
treaty of fort laramine: 1868 treaty in which the sioux agreed to live on a reservation
samuel gompers: union leader
sojourner truth: former slave who became an abolitionist and women's rights acrivist
fugitive slave act: law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them
propositon 187: california law which cut nenefits to illegal immigrants
george eastman: inventor of the camera
sugat act: law passed by parliament to try to raise money
social gospel movement: movement that urged people to help the poor
nationalism: a devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation
seventeenth amendment: amendment providing for senators to be elected directly
freedom summer: name of project to win voting rights for southern blacks
savanna: a dry grassland with trees and bushes
mass transit: transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes
fidel castro: ruler of cuba
de jure segreagtion: segregation by law
duke ellington: jazz musician
patronage: the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected
alexander hamilton: an early federalist leader
william seward: secretary of state under presidents lincoln and johnson
teapot dome scandal: scandal surrounding albert fall
articles of confederation: the set of laws that established the first gobernment of the united states
sacajawea: native american woman who served a a guide an interpreter for the lewis and clark expedition
horizontal integration: process in chich a company buys out its suppliers
whig party: political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of andrew jackson
george patton: american general
robert m. lafollette: progressive wisconsin governor and senator
andrew carnegie: scottish immigrant who became a giant in the steel industry
earth day: annual day to celebrate the environment
benjamin harrison: 23rd president of the united states
sitting bull: leader of hunkpapa sioux
neutrality acts: laws passed by congress to ban the sale of arms or loans to nations at war
impeach: legal process to formally charge the president with misconduct in office
federal trade commission: a federal agency set up in 1914 to investigate businesses to help enforce the laws
clayton antitrust act: law that weakened monopolies and upheld the rights of unions and farm organizations
dominion of new england: a huge colony formed by the king of england,which included land from southern maine to new jersey
sandinistas: communist rebel group that took power in nicaragua
elastic clause: clause in the constitutionthat allows congress to pass laws necessart to carry out its enumerated powers
treaty of paris: treaty that officially ended the war
student nonviolent coordinationg committee: civil rights organization formed by students
nuclear family: Household made up pf a mother and father and their children
chancellorsville: confederate victory in mississippi
minutemen: civilian soldiers
rural free delivery: system that brought packages directly to homes
transcontinental railroad: a railroad that crosses the entire country
william henry harrison tecumseh: native american leder
pentagon papers: government ducuments that showed the government had no real plan for leaving vietnam
george creel: head of the committee on public information, the governments propaganda agency
bill of right: set of amendements passed to protect individual rights
committees of correspondence: a network of communication set up in massachusetts and virgina to inform other colonies of ways that britain threatened colonial rights
scientific management: using scientific ideas to make work more efficient
douglas macarthur: american commander in the philippines
ratification: official approval of the constitution
marbury V. madison: court case that established the power of judicia review
protectorate: a country that is partly controlled by another, stronger country
charles de gaulle: head of the french government in exile in england
judicial branch: the branch of government that interprets the laws and the constiution
two-party-system: political system where two political parties compete for power
thomas jefferson: main author of the declatation of independence
enterpreneur: business owner
haight-ashbury: community in san francisco that attracted many hippies
suffrage: the right to vote; a major goal of women reformers
due process of law: all the procedures fr fair treatment must be carried out whenever a citizen is accused of a crime
mass media: means of communication that reach large audiences
newt gingrich: speaker of the house of representatives
telecommute: the ability of people to work out of their homes
national organization for women: organization that pushed for womens rights
marcus garvey: black nationalist leader
soup kitchen: place where free food is served to the needy
pontiac: native american leader who fought the british
judicial review: the power of judges to declare a law unconstitutional
hawley-smoot tariff act: law that raised taxes on imports and worsened the depression
social darwinism: theory that taught only the strong survived
frederick law olmsted: developer of central park
mormons: religious group that settled near present-day salt lake city
nativism: favoring native-born people over immagrants
stono rebellion: a 1739 slave rebellion in charleston,south carolina
great depression: period of bad economic times in the united states that lasted from 1929 to 1941
american indian movement: group that fought for greater reform for native americans
eqalitarianism: a belief in eqailty
seneca falls convention: convention held in 1848 to argue for women's rights
industrial workers of the world: union of radicals and socialists nicknamed the wobblies
taino: native americans who lived where columbus first landed
nomadic: moving ones home
emplied powers: powers not specifically stated in the constiution
william mckinley: 1896 republican presidential nominee
erie canal: canal that connected the great lakes with the atlantic ocean
william randolph hearst: owner of the new york morning journal san francisco examiner
louis armstrong: jazz musician
secession: decision by a state to leave the union
mary harris jones: organizer for untited mine workers
pope: pueblo religious leader who led an uprising against the spanih
thirteenth amendment: abolished slavery everywhere in the united states
new france: french colony in north america
genetic engineering: method of chaing the genes of living cells
stokely carmichael: leder of black power movement
hawk: american individual who suppored the war effort
rough dewey: fighting unit led by theodore roosevelt in cuba
womens auxiliary army corps: women volunteers who served in non-combat positions
dred scott: slave who was briefly taken by his owner into free territory
Adena: Mound-building people who lived in the Ohio River Valley
frederick douglass: escaped slave who became a noted abolitionist leader
house of representatives: lower house of the national legislature
colonization: the establishment of outlying settlements that ate controlled by a parent county
militarism: building up armed forces to prepare for war
andrew ackson: general who led american forces in battle on new orleans
harry s. truman: 33rd president of the united states
john tyler: tenth president
embargp: a ban on exproting goods to other countries
la raza unida: latino poilitical party
nativism: overt favoritism toward native-born americans
ralph waldo: leading transcendetal philosophy that emphasized the truth t be found in nature and intuition
compromise of 1877: the political deal that gave the presidency to hayes and ended reconstruction
carpetbagger: northerner who moved to the south after the war
genocide: deliberate and systematic killing of an entire people
shays's tebellion: ant-tax protest by farmers
george washingto: led virginia trppos in first battle of the french and indian war
watergate: scandal that forved nixon to resign
three mile island: site of a nuclear plant that released radiation into the air
john wilkes booth: assassin of president lincoln
powhatan: natice americans who lived in the area that became jamestown
interchangeable parts: standardized parts that an be used in place of one another
judiciary act of 1801: law the increased the number of gederal judges by sixteen
joint-stock companies: companies in which investors pooled their wealth with the hope of yielding a profit
thomas pinckney: negotiated treaty with spain ober spanish lands east of the mississipppi river
geraldine ferraro: democraic vice presidential candidate in 1984
olive branch petition: am offer of peace sent by the second continental congress to king geoge 3
chief executive: president of the united states
william howard taft: president from 1909 to 1913, successor to roosevelt
songhai: Large african kingdom known for trading
harry s. truamn: president after world war 2
bonanza farm: large, single-crop farms
claude mckay: poet
fair deal: president trumans economic and social program
harpers ferry: location of federal atsenal that john brown raided to gey guns to arm slaves
triangular trade: the pattern ofshipping trade across the atlantic
bootlegger: smugglers who brought alcohol in from canada and the caribbean
declaration of independence: document that said the united states was as independent nation
midnight judge: judge appointed to the supreme court by president adams late on the last ay of his administration
kamikaze: japanese suicide flight
flexible response: policy of using nonnuclear weapons to fight a war
prohibition: making the sale or use of alcohol illegal
social security act: program that provided aid to people with disabilities and pensions for retired workers
southern stategy: nixons effort to attract southen votes by opposing desegregation
thomas alva edison: inventor of the light bulb
settlement house: community center that addressed problems in slum neighborhoods
land grant: gift of public land to an indibidual or organization
nonaggression pact: agreement between germany and russia not to fight each other
alien and sedition acts: laws that made it harder to become a citizen and created harsh punishments for people who criticize the goverment
srah and angelina grimke: leaders in the avolitionist movement
xyz affair: american anger over bribes demanded by french diplomts
gold standard: backing dollars solely with gold
dotcom: internet related business
homestead act: act that offered free land to western settlers
dien bien phu: major french outpost captured by the vietminh
gifford pinchot: head of the u.s. forest service under roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them
missouri compromise: agreemen that temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the territories
headright system: the birgina company's system in which setters and the family members ho came with them eachr eceived 50 acres of land
Mississippian: Mound-building people who lived in the ohio and mississippi river valleys
george a. custer: colonel in u.s. cavalry
credivility gap: situation in which the u.s. public no longer believed the johnson administration
convoy system: having merchant ships travel in groups protected by warships
entitlement program: prgram that guarantees benefits to particular people
democratic-republicans: jefferson's political party and ancestors of today's democratic party
u-2 incident: downing of a u.s. spy plane and the capture of its pilot by the soviet union in 1960
segregation: the word used to describe racial separation
muckraker: writer who exposes wrongdoing
ratify: officially approve the constitution or an amendment to it
uncle toms cabon: antislavery novel
judiciart act of 1789: law that set up the national court system
medicare and medicaid: health benefits for the elderly and poor
reaganomics: reagans economic policies
lewis and clark: leaders of an expedition to explore the louisiana purchase
vertical integration: process in which a company buys out its suppliers
navigation acts: laws passed by the britsh to control colonial trade
grant wood: artist
state of the union address: message delivered by the presidentonce a year
al gore: clintons vice president, and democratic candidate in 2000 election
environmental protection agency: federal agency formed to decrease pollution
new deal: franklin roosevelts programs to end the depression
credit mobilier: name of company involved in stealing of railroad money
lyndon baines johnson: 36th president of the united states
boxer rebellion: chinese rebellion against western influence, 1900
dr. antonia coello novello: named surgeon general by president bush
containment: effort to block soviet influence by making alliances and supporting weaker nations
strike: work stoppages by workers
juan ponce de leon: conquistador who explored present-day florida
suplly side economics: economic theory that tex cuts will increase jobs and goevernment revenues
napalm: gasoline based explosive
nuremberg trials: tribunal that tried nazi leaders for war crimes
securities and exchange commission: agency to regulate stock markets
melting pot: a mixture of different cultures living together
stagflation: situation that occurs when unemployed and inflation rise at the same time
urban renewal: plan to tear down decaying neighborhoods and build low-cost housing
stephen A. douglas: senator from illinois who worked to pass the compromise of 1850
anne hutchinson: puritan dissenter banished from the massachusetts bay colony who fled to rhode island in 1638
william jennings bryan: 1896 populist/democratic presidential nominee
edna st. vincent millary: poet
malcolm x: african american civil rights leader
conservative coalition: alliance of business interests, religious people, and dissatisfied middle class voters to support consercative candidates
h. ross perot: texas billinaire who was a third party candidate in 1992 election
capitalism: economic system in which idividuals and businesses control the means of production
emiliano zapata: mexican rebel
charles a. lindbergh: first person to fly solo across the atlantic
benin: african kingdom around the niger tiver known for metalworking
chinese exclusion act: act that limited chinese immigration
my lai: site of massacre of vietnamese civilians by american soldiers betty friedan
market revolution: economic changes where people buy and sell goodsrather than make them themselves
boston tea party: protest against increased tea prices in which colonists dumped british tea into boston harbor
exodusters: african-american settlers in the west
metacom: native american chief wh fought against english colonists in the king philip's war
sharecropping: sustem in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops
gentrification: the rehabilitation of old neighborhoods and displacement of lower income people
jimmy carter: 39th president
theodore roosevelt: president from 1901 to 1909
kinship: the ties between members of a family
plessy v. ferguson: court case that upheld the jim crow laws
ohio gang: hardings friends and advisors
rosa parks: woman who helped start montgomery bus boycott
paul robeson: actor, singer, and civil-rights leader
emancipation proclamation: order issued by lincoln freeing slaves behind confederate lines
tariff of abominations: henry clay's name for an 1828 tariff increase
redemption: southern democtats' term for their return to power in the south in the 1870s
revival: a religious gathering that relied on emotional sermons to awaken religious feelings
free-soilparty: political party formed to oppose extending slavery in the territories
red cross: relief agenct founded by clara barton in 1881
conservation: the planned management of natural resources
huey long: political leader from louisiana who criticized the new deal
detente: policy aimed at easy cold war tensions
bernard m. baruch: leader of the war industries board
calvin coolidge: president of the u.s. seceeded to presidency on death of harding, elected in 1924
fascism: political system based on a strong, centralized government headed by a dictator
john c. fremot: republican candidate in the 1856 president election
consumerism: excessive concern with buying material goods
prince henry: portguese prince who stareed a school for sailors and sponsored early boyages of exploration
rutherford b. hayes: president who ended reconstruction in 1877
contract with america: republican plan for political reform
indentured servants: workers who exchanged their labor for help getting started in america
implied powers: powers not specifically started in the constitution
the grapes of wrath: novel by john steinbeck
mercantilism: thory that countries should acquire gold and focus on exporting goods and owning colonies
andrew jackson: military hero and seventh president
orson welles: actor, director, and filmmaker
democratic-republican party: party started by jackson's followers
general john j, pershing: the commander of the american expeditionary force
central powers: one side in world war 1: germany, austria-hungary, and the ottoman empire
treaty of paris: the treaty that ended the spanish-american war
electral college: electors chosen by the statesto elect the president and vice president
succession: order in which the office of president is filled if it becomes vacant before an lection
sinclair lewis: novelist
americanization movement: program to teach american culture to immigrants
plantation: a huge farm on which slaves or other workers grow a single crop
hubert humphrey: the 1968 democratic cominee for president
great compromise: compromise made by constitutional convention in which states would hve equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in he other house
extradition: procedute for returning a person charged with a crime to the state where te crime was committed
envirnmental protection agencry: agencry established in 1970 to fight polluion and conserve natural resources
judicial power: authority to decide cases involving disputes over the law or behavior of people
bessie smith: blues singer
mary mcleod bethune: head of the office of minority affairs in the NYA
civil disobeddience: the form ofprotest hat calls on people to dispbey unjust aws
national labor relations board: agency to regulate business
william pitt: british leader in the french and indian war
francisco "pancho" villa: mexican revolutionary
andrew johnson: president after lincoln's assassination
hierarchy: social ordering by rank or class
league of nations: an international peace-keeping organization proposed by wilson and founded in 1920
new spain: spanish colony in the new world
davig farragut: commander of the union navy
Aaron Burr: democratic-republican and running mate of thomas jefferson inthe 1800 election
chisholm trial: major cattle route from san antonio, texas,through oklahoma to kansas
southern christian leadership conference: civil rights organization
soddy: a frontier home, usually dug into a hill or made from sod
ayatollah rehullah khomeini: iranian religious leder who led the revolution against the shah of iran
prohibition: the era that prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages
bleeding kansa: nickname given to the kansas territory because of the bloody bioence there
harriet tubman: famous conductor on the underground railroad
profirering: sellin goods that are difficult to come by for a profit
jesse jackson: civil rights leader and presidential candidate
compromise of 1850: series of measures that wrere intended to settle the disagreements between free states and slavestates
graft: illegal use of political influence for personal gain
david walker: a free african american who urged blacks to take their freedom by force
woodstock: massive outdoor concert that demonstated rock 'n' rolls poplularity
tenant farming: renting land from landowners for cash
archduke franz ferdinand: young heir whose assassination triggered the war
millard fillmore: 13th presdent
gold rush: movement of people to a place in which gold has been discovered
impressment: act of seizingsailors to work on ships
d-day: allied invasion to liberate europe
united nations: peacekeeping body of nations
robert kennedy: a democratic presidential candidate who ran on aniwar paltform
warsaw pact: military alliance of the soviet union and its satellite nations
geneca accords: peace agreement that split vietnam in two
george mcvlellan: union general
gi bill of rights: law that provided financial and educational benefits for world war 2 verterans
charles cornwalis: british general
confederation: a loose alliance of states
hernando cortes: conquistador who defeated the aztecs
new rights: alliance of conservative groups to support sonsercative ideas
reserved powers: powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people
reapportionment: the way in which states redraw their election districts
federalists: supporters o the new constitution
fifteenth amendment: banned states from denying african americans the right to vote
speculation: investments in high-risk ventures
tuskegee normal and industial institute: school headed by booker t. washington
federal securties act: law to regulate stock information
townshend acts: laws passed by parliament in 1767 that set taxes on imports to the colonies
vietminh: communist group led by ho chi mihn
pueblo: native american group in eastern north america
boston massacre: conflict between colonists and british soldiers in which four colonists were killed
gloria steinem: journalist who tried to help woem gain political power
specialization: in farming,the raising of one or two crops for sale rather than a variety of foods for perspnal use
initiative: a way for people to approve changes in laws by a vote
carrie chapman catt: president of nawsa, who led the campaign for women suffrage during wilson's administration
rachel carson: environmentalist crusader in the u.s.
dwight d. esenhower: president of the united states
hiroshima: city that was the site of the first atomic-bomb drop in japan
david lloyd george: british prime minister
senate: upper house of the national legislature
open door notes: message sent by john hay to other countries to protect u.s. trading rights in china
vietcong: communist rebel group in south vietname
bill gates: extreamly sucessful owner of microsoft, a computer software company
william henry harrison: ninth president
second continental congress: the meeting of colonial delegates that approve the declaration fo independence
grandfather clause: clause that allowed poor, uneducated whites to vote

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Number of cards 898