SAT US history set #1

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Alliance for Progress (1961): a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments (Kennedy's plan to improve relations between the US and Latin America); called for a 10-year $20 billion donation to establish good schools, housing, health care, and land distribution; Good effect on Chile, Columbia, Venezuela, and the Central American republics (prevented Communism); Other countries just used the $ to keep the rulers in power
Immigration Act of 1965: Ended quotas based on national origin; occupation and skills are now the criteria used to judge entry into the US; preference given to those w/ relatives in the US
Frederick Douglas: leader of forthright post-Civil War protest
Yellow-dog contracts: mandated that employees agree not to join unions
Tenement Law (1879): Mandated that every room in an apartment have an outside window and that buildings meet plumbing and ventilation standards; led to the dumbbell tenement
Insular Cases: The US Supreme Court ruling that constitutional rights don't necessarily apply to people living in US territories
Treaty of Ghent (1814): Ended the War of 1812, essentially declaring it a stalemate
Amendment 7: Civil trial process
Amendment 1: Freedom of Press, Petitiion, Assembly & Speech
Amendment 16: Income Tax
Port Huron Statement: The founding document of the SDS (Students for a Democratic Society)
Amendment 6: Criminal procedures, speedy trial, confront witnesses, have an attorney
Style of literature during the Gilded Age: realism versus the sentimental literature of the antebellum period
amendment 18: prohibition of alcoholic beverages
Amendment 17: People Elect the Senators
amendment 26: voting age 18
Amendment 20: Presidential Term = 4 Years
Civil Rights issue in the Little Rock high school: Situation in the Little Rock School Central High wins a court order to admit 9 African American children into the school; all goes smooth until Faubus (governor) decides he needs to reach out to the white Southern vote and acts like a white supremist, sending in Arkansas troops to forbid the kids from going to the school that are joined by angry mobs; lots of TV coverage; first time since the Civil War that anyone had openly challenged the Constitution; Faubus finally just leaves the children to the mobs and withdraws troops; Eisenhower gets fed up and sends federal troops to protect the children the whole year
Panic of 1837: Caused by over-speculation and the failure of Andrew Jackson's economic policies; sparked a massive 5-year depression
Mario Savio: made a famous speech during the Free Speech Movement at the University of California
Treaty of Versailles (1919): Ended WWI and required that Germany pay extensive war reparations (fines) to certain Allies
Amendment 5: Criminal proceedings, due process, eminent domain
Aldous Huxley: author of "Doors of Perception" (1954); introduced hallucinogenic drugs to the 1960s
William Dean Howells: Gilded Age; author of "A Hazard of New Fortunes" (1885) (wrote about the plight of factory workers
Panic of 1873: Caused by railroad bankruptcies and Ulysses Grant's "tight" monetary policies
Engel v. Vitale (1962): warren court decision; states couldn't require kids to recite prayers in schools
Beats (beatniks): group of white artists who sought to live unconventional lives as fugitives from a culture they hated; criticized the sterility and conformity of American life, meaningless of US politics, and the emptiness of pop culture; members included Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac
Charles Graham Sumner: wrote about Social Darwinism
Vietnam Day Committee (VDC): Anti-war organization that resulted from the Free Speech Movement
Erich Fromm: author of "The Sane Society" (1955) and "The Art of Loving" (1956); one of the great thinkers of the 60s; believed in following natural feelings and not conforming with the shallow capitalist society
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS): a "New Left" organization of the 60s; early leaders are Tom Hayden and Paul Potter; start in University of Michigan and expand across the country; believed in natural feelings & letting the people decide economically and in foreign affairs; organized for community development in Cleveland & Newark; spawned the Weathermen when the Vietnam War didn't end because of their demonstrations
Amendment 11: How Suits against the state are handled.
Alfred T. Mahan: argued for the expansion of US military (especially navy) during the Imperialism period in order to protect shipping lines. Specifically, he wanted 1) coaling stations throughout the world (Hawaii), 2) military bases in the Caribbean (Guantanamo Bay), 3) Canal through Panama, and 4) a modern navy
Peace Corps (1963): volunteer organization that sent young Americans to perform humanitarian services; one of Kennedy's most enduring legacies
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): Marshall SC case; NH tried to alter the charter that Dartmouth had been granted; NH said that there was no contract; court ruled in favor of Dartmouth; *states can't interfere with contracts between states and corps*
Barry Goldwater: extreme Conservative who ran against Johnson in the Election of 1964; loses
Weathermen: group that branched off of the SDS; advocated terrorism in the US to stop another Vietnam from happening; name came from Bob Dylan lyrics "don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows"; dwindle away after 4 of them die in an explosion in Greenwich Village
amendment 15: voting rights of african americans
Treaty of Paris (1763): Ended the French and Indian War and marked the beginning of British dominance in North America
Job Corps: tried to help young unemployed people get jobs (under the EOA) (vocational training for school dropouts)
Coxey's Army: march to Washington D.C. led by Jacob ______ to protest Cleveland's seeming insensitivity to the people's plight because of the Panic of 1893
March from Selma to Montgomery ("March for Freedom"): "March for Freedom" / "Bloody Sunday" Dr. King & SNCC activists want to keep pressure on president and Congress for voting rights; march from Selma to Montgomery; Hosea Williams is from the SCLC and John Lewis is from the SNCC; as they approached the Edmund Pettus Bridge that led out of Selma, Clark's troopers beat them up with televisions watching; gets Johnson mad enough that he proposes a voting rights bill
Economic Opportunity Act (EOA): passed under Johnson; established a wide range of programs aimed at creating jobs and fighting poverty; to coordinate the programs it established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) Neighborhood Youth Corps - provided work-study programs helping underprivileged young men and women get a high school diploma/college degree (under the EOA)
Henry Adams: Critic of the Gilded age who saw urbanization as a disease; descendant of John Adams
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty: Treaty between Panama and US after Panama won independence from Columbia; gave the US rights to the 10-mile-wide Canal Zone for the panama canal
Edith Wharton: exposed the foibles of the upper class in "The House of Mirth" (1905); Gilded age author
Allen Ginsberg: author of the poem "How!" (1955); beat movement
Amendment 25: Presidential Succesion and Disability
Freedom Summer: when 300 students came from the North and South to help AAs to vote
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965): Elementary and Secondary Education Act aid to students & funded related activities such as adult education and education counseling; "every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and enlarge his talents"
Health Insurance Act for the Aged (1965): establishes Medicare and Medicaid
W. E. B. du Bois: founder of the NAACP
Panic of 1893: Caused by more railroad bankruptcies and the collapse of the money system; the worst economic depression up to that point in US history
Elisha Otis: Invented the elevator
Baker v. Carr: addressed the reapportionment issue; "one man = one vote"; shifted more power towards minorities
Winslow Homer: Another important realist artist during the Gilded Age
Amendment 3: No forced quartering of soldiers in private homes
Roosevelt Corollary: anytime the US thinks that its investments in Latin America are threatened, it can intervene (can act as an "international police force" in Latin America)
Henry James: author during the Gilded Age; wrote about upper class life in "The Bostonians" (1886)
Homestead strike (1892): strike against the Carnegie Steel Company that was broken up by private Pinkerton guards (labor spies); thorough defeat for the workers; huge setback for union activity in the steel industry
Reapportionment: the way states draw up political districts based on changes in population; lots didn't take the large number of people in the city into account
Paris Peace Accords (1973): Ended the Vietnam War; the United States declared neither victory nor defeat
Thomas Eakins: Important realist artist during the Gilded Age
16th Street Baptist Church: church that was bombed by the KKK two weeks after the march on Washington, killing 4 teenage girls
amendment 13: abolition of slavery
Platt Amendment: effectively made Cuba a protectorate of the US; US has the right to interfere in Cuban affairs and to maintain a naval base on the island
Amendment 8: Fair bail and punishments
Harlem Renaissance (1919-1930s): Flourishing of the arts in Harlem; watershed moment for the African American community as musicians, poets, novelists, artists, photographers, sculptors, and activists made permanent marks on American culture
William Appleman Williams: author of "Contours of American History" (1961); one of the great thinkers of the 60s; said that the US was antidemocratic and imperialistic
A. Phillip Randolph: activist who called for mass marches to end discrimination; forced FDR to employ AAs in defense industries during WWII
John Roebling: Built the Brooklyn Bridge
Treaty of Paris (1783): Ended the American Revolution by guaranteeing American independence
Fletcher v. Peck (1810): Marshall SC case; involved a contract between a state and people concerned with a land grant; the contract was upheld; first time the Court declared a state law unconstitutional, saying that *a state can't pass laws that violate the fed Constitution*
amendment 12: election of president and vice-president
Operation Head Start: preschool program for the disadvantaged
Paul Goodman: author of "Growing Up Absurd" (1960); one of the great thinkers of the 60s; believed in following natural feelings and not conforming with the shallow capitalist society
Medgar Evers: leader of the NAACP in Mississippi; shot in 1963
Amendment 9: Unenumerated rights (the people hold more rights than those only listed in the Constitution)
amendment 21: repeal of prohibition
American Railway Union: industrial union founded by Eugene Debs that was associated with the Pullman Strike
Amendment 4: Protection from illegal searches & seizures
June War (Six-Day War) in 1967: Israel wins an astounding victory against Arab nations that want to destroy it; resulted in the first use of the "hotline" between the US and USSR for emergency situations (Johnson and Alexai Kosygin speak, agree not to send troops in, and work for a cease fire)
Panic of 1857: Caused by over-speculation of the new lands of the Mexican Cession; especially in Ca; increased tensions between the North and the South
Amendment 27: Forbids Congress Giving Itself a Pay Raise Mid-Term
Gideon v. Wainright (1963): warren court decision; a defendant in a state court has a right to a lawyer whether or not they can pay
Marbury v. Madison (1803): Marshall SC case; *established the principle of judicial review*
Jack Kerouac: author of the novel "On the Road" (1951); beat movement
Amendment 22: President can only be Elected Twice
Art Deco (1920s-1930s): Enormously popular style of art and architecture; symbolizes 1920s America; embraced elegant geometric forms; the Chrysler Building is a prominent example
Edward Bellamy: Gilded Age; author of "Looking Backward: 2000-1887" that imagined the development of a socialist government that solved all industrial problems
Dumbbell tenement: During the Gilded Age; when buildings were designed to conform to the standards of the Tenement Law while cramming the largest number of people into the smallest amount of space
Panic of 1819: Caused by heavy borrowing for the War of 1812; first major financial crisis in US history
amendment 19: women's suffrage
Willa Cather: Gilded Age author who portrayed life on the plains in "O Pioneers" (1913) and "My Antonia" (1918)
Wesberry v. Sanders (1964): congressional districts in a state must contain "as nearly as practicable" the same number of voters; along with Baker v. Carr it established the "One man, One vote" policy
Thurgood Marshall: lawyer in the Brown v. Board of Ed case; first black Supreme Court Justice;
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC): established by MLK (also first president) and other ministers; set to eliminate segregation & encourage African Americans to vote
Amendment 10: strict interpretation
Treaty of Paris (1898): Ended the Spanish American War: 1) Cuba is independent, 2) Guam and Puerto Rico go to the US, 3) the US pays Spain $20 million for the Philippines
Presidents of the Gilded Age (the forgotten Presidents): Hayes, Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison
Two-party system: developed during the Civil War; where two major ideological groups contend for political power
Amendment 23: Presidential Electors for District of Columbia
Comstock Law (1873): made it illegal to send anything deemed "obscene" through the mail (including info about birth control)
SNCC (Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee): Civil rights organization of students who conducted sit-ins, rode on Freedom Rides, provided shock-absorbing troops for the marches, etc.
amendment 14: rights of african american citizens
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963): between the USSR and the US; agree to stop nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in space, and underwater; over 100 other nations approve (the only nuclear powers who did not were France and Communist China)
Four thinkers who influenced the social revolutions of the 1960s: 1) C. Wright Mills ("The Power Elite"); 2) William Appleman Williams ("Contour of American History"); 3) Paul Goodman ("Growing Up Absurd"); 4) Erich Fromm ("The Sane Society" and "The Act of Loving")
Stokely Carmichael: advocated black power; claimed that there was no room for whites in the SNCC or at all in the Civil Rights Movement; created significant rift in the movement
Ashcan school of painting: style of painting that developed during the Gilded Age that directly represented urban poverty
Albert Beveridge: argued for an imperialist policy on economic growth during the US's imperialistic period
Warren Commission: SC investigation into Kennedy's death found that Oswald was a lone assassin; some questions were left unanswered
White flight: when whites moved into the suburbs from the cities during the 1960s; left inner cities more impoverished
Theophilus Eugene ("Bull") Connor: head of the police in Birmingham; claimed that police weren't in the police station when mobs attacked the Freedom Riders because it was Mother's Day; he actually put the KKK up to attacking the Riders himself
Industrial Workers of the World: radical socialist/anarchist union group during the industrial age
Women's Christian Temperance Union (1874): the largest group pushing for temperance during the Gilded Age
Free Speech Movement of the 1960s: started in the University of California; response to the suspension of students just because they protested on-campus; fighting for freedom of speech AND their respect; spawned the creation of the Vietnam Day Committee (VDC)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Marshall SC case; involved a contract for ferry service on the Hudson River; *established the fed gov's power to regulate interstate commerce*
Amendment 2: Right to keep/bear arms
Linotype machine (1885): invented during the Gilded Age; allowed printers to quickly create type for printing, greatly reducing the cost of producing newspapers and magazines
The Armory Show (1913): International exhibit of modern art in NY; sought to create enthusiasm for the "moderns" of Postimpressionism, Fauvism, Futurism, and Cubism
Carl Schurtz: Politician during the Imperialism period who, along with Mark Twain, questioned America's imperialist policies
Commander George Dewey: Commander in the Philippines during the Spanish American war
Viola Liuzzo: white woman from Detroit who was shot for riding in her car with an African American man in Mississippi
Foraker Act (1900): denied US citizenship to Puerto Ricans and allowed the US president to appoint its governor and members of the legislature
Ella Baker: 55 year old executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee)
Amendment 24: Abolition of Poll Tax in National Elections
Voting Rights Act of 1965: Voting Rights Act of 1965 authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners to register qualified voters (bypassing the local officials who often refused) & eliminated discriminatory qualifications (literacy test, etc.); *turning point in civil rights movement* (two major goals had been met = desegregation and enfranchisement)
Munn. v. Illinois (1877): precursor trial to Wabash; ruled that it was a state's right to control railroad rates & regulate private industry within states
Reasons for the Spanish-American War (3): 1) yellow journalism portrays Valeriano Weyler's treatment of the Cubans gruesomely; 2) Enrique Dupoy de Lome's critical letter to McKinley is leaked and gets everyone mad, 3) The USS Maine sinks in Havana harbor and everyone points fingers at Spain (wrongly)
Causes of American imperialism (1880-1914): 1) Industrial development - the US needed raw materials & new markets; 2) Military considerations - the US saw itself in competition with the European powers, 3) Social reasons - AngloSaxonism, Social Darwinism, manifest destiny, missionary goals; democratic superiority, 4) Pro-imperialist presidents - William McKinley (R) (assassinated), Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft
C. Wright Mills: author of "The Elite Society" (1956); one of the 4 great thinkers of the 60s; said that US society was ruled by a small group of rich people
Emma Lazarus: Author of the "Give me your hungry, sick, poor" etc. on the Statue of Liberty
Thomas Nast: cartoonist who brought down Boss Tweed
Miranda v. Arizona (1966): warren court decision; authorities have to give suspects four warnings (Miranda rights) = 1) right to remain silent; 2) anything you say can and will be used against you in court; 3) right to a lawyer while being questioned; 4) if you can't afford one, we'll give you one
Art Nouveau (1890-1914): means "New Art" in French; dynamic curving lines and sometimes bold color choices
Congress of Racial Equality: Organization that organized the Freedom Rides
Anthony Comstock: most well-known crusader against gambling, prostitution, birth control, divorce rates, and obscenity during the Guilded Age
Fannie Lou Hamer: sharecropper participant in the Freedom Summer who was beaten for registering to vote
VISTA (1965): aka Volunteers in Service to America; served as a Peace Corps for the US
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (aka the Kerner Commission): headed by Gov. Otto Kerner; studied causes of urban riots and try to prevent them from happening in the future; blamed white society and racism for inner city problems; recommendations never endorsed because the Vietnam War started
Department of Housing and Urban Development (1966): new cabinet post; designed to coordinate fed involvement with housing improvements and urban development projects
James Farmer: Head of the CORE (Congress for Racial Equality)
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964): warren court decision; a suspect needs to be given access to a lawyer and needs to be told that he / she has the right to be silent before being questioned
Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst: yellow journalists during the Gilded Age; this style of writing is cited as a cause of the Spanish-American War
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1948): Ended the Mexican-American War; United States gained California, Utah, Nevada, and parts of other states
Anti-Imperialist League: Organization during the imperialist period that pointed out the racist assumptions in the belief that native peoples couldn't govern themselves; argued that US policy should not function to protect the investments of the wealthy
John Lewis: Congressman from Atlanta; leader in the Freedom Rides and at the Selma March
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Marshall SC case; *validated the Bank of the United States and extended the authority of federal law over state law*
Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, James Chaney: the three boys from "Mississippi Burning" who disappeared during the Freedom Summer where they were trying to get AAs to vote
Mapp v. Ohio (1961): warren court decision; state courts couldn't consider evidence obtained in violation of the Constitution
desegregation of the armed forces (1948): done by Pres Truman
Frederick Law Olmstead: Designed Central Park
Jacob Riis: Photo-journalist; author of "How the Other Half Lives" during the Gilded Age exposing the conditions of the poor
James Meredith: student who wanted to attend the University of Mississippi; almost the same situation as the Little Rock crisis; the governor Ross Barnett won't let him through; Kennedy has to send troops in to escort him in; angry mob; more troops sent in that stay w/ Meredith until he graduates the next year

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