History II honors. Review of Final (ms. barnicoat)

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The Battle of Waterloo: was the last battle that Napoleon fought in, and it was the battle of his defeat. The Duke of Wellington was the man to finally defeat Napoleon.
Moderates: were people who were a part of the third estate, but did not want extreme change. They believed that it was possible to have a bloodless revolution, and suffer very little with only little reforms.
Tennis Court Oath: was an oath by the bourgeoisie to make a constitution by overthrowing the monarchy.
The Scorched Earth Policy: was the policy by which Alexander I burned all the ground in Napoleons path there for killing all crops and livestock
Enlightened Thoughts: making economic and legal reforms, justifying their rule by its usefulness to society rather than to divine rights, and to include favoring religions.
philosophes: a group of thinkers that set forth the idea that people could apply reason to all aspects of life. They believed in Nature, Reason, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty.
The Declaration of Independence: was based off of the firm beliefs of the enlightened thinker, John Locke and the Enlightenment
St. Helen: was the island that Napoleon was forced to be exiled to
Napoleon: extends France's land from Portugal to Russia.
Salons: were intellectual centers in which social gatherings were held. For these events, wealthy hostesses invited the best poets, the keenest wits, and the most charming conversationalists to their mansions for refined conversation.
Propaganda: was one sided information used to prove a point.
The fall of Napoleon: quick. He lost power from the great defeat from Russia. Napoleon was defeated by a coalition which then in tale forced him get exiled from France.
Nature, Reason, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty.: The five ideas of enlightenment
The Reign of Terror: began when Robespierre came into power. He was an enemy of the French Republic. During this time Robespierre would accuse people of going against the government and he would daily execute them in the newly formed way of torture/killing, the guillotine.
The third estate: tried to attend a gathering of the Estates; however, he locked out the third estate. Angry, the third estate went to local tennis courts, and conducted what was known as the tennis court oath. The third decides to takes action by revolting and storming the Bastille. After this, the peasants were fooled into thinking their villages were going to be destroyed by brigands. They themselves turned into brigands and raided noble homes and forced them to pay feudal dues.
Robespierre: was the leader behind the Reign of Terror. He ordered the execution of many people, including Marie Antoinette, and formed the Committee of Public Safety. Around 1794, the National Convention knew that they were not safe from Robespierre, and overthrew him by throwing him and killing him in the guillotine
Diderot: was the first man to want to create a large set of books that all the leading scholars of Europe would contribute their articles and essays to. He wanted to call this an Encyclopedia.
Guerilla warfare: was when Spanish peasants struck at the armies of France and Spain.
Radicals: were part of the third estate, or the national assembly. They desired quick and violent over rulings, and believed the only was to reform was to do it with violence.
The Third Estate: was 98% percent of Frances population. The third estate contained three parts to it. (1) a city-dwelling middle class called the bourgeoisie, (2) urban lower class, (3) peasants. The bourgeoisie was the fastest and richest growing part of the third estate. They staged the French Revolution.
Rousseau: was born in the Swiss city of Geneva. After three years of being an apprentice to an engraver, he fled to Italy. He eventually won his way to Paris with his essays. His best known book about the government was The Social Contract, in which it states that "Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains." He argued that the only legitimate government was one that ruled with the consent of its people.
Coalition: is a temporary alliance.
Adam Smith: supported free trade. He was a professor at The University of Edinburgh, and devoted almost every minute of his time to philosophical questions. He came up with the law of self interest, which meant that people act selfish of selfish reasons. Their goal in life is to better themselves, and not others. He favored the law of supply and demand which stated that if every business created more than they could handle, then only the perfect amount of business would thrive to be enough for the customer's. According to Smith, in a market economy where natural laws are free to operate, only the lowest prices will be at hand.
The National Convention: was a newly formed government that was called into power in September after the National Assembly stepped down.
Louis XVI: was a weak ruler who became king in 1774. He was the husband to the famous Marie Antoinette. His government was deeply in debt due to Marie, and large money loans for the American Revolution. He hoped to avoid bankruptcy by taxing the nobles; however his order was nothing less but an invitation to a revolution.
The US Constitution: was based off of the enlightened thinker, Montesquieu. He believed in the separation and balance of powers.
The National Assembly: was the new name for the Third Estate. It was thought of at the Tennis Courts. Their first act of reform was changing their name.
Napoleon Bonaparte: was a small Frenchman who slowly rose in his stands in the army. He gained power, and during his reign he restored economic order, religious order, social order, and legal order. He also extended France's power. He conquered nearly all of Europe, but was stopped at Russia when Czar Alexander I used the scorched earth policy to destroy all of Napoleons food and supplied in Russia.
Enlightened Despots: Despots were principles that stated the philosophes believed, including tolerance, making economic and legal reforms, and justifying their rule by its usefulness to society, rather than its divine rights. In the 1700's, Catherine II of Russia, and Frederick II of Prussia were the foremost enlightened despots.
The Second Estate: was mainly made up of nobles; however that still only made up 2 % of France. They owned about 20% of France's land. They held offices in the church, government, courts, and army. They too required to not pay taxes.
Montesquieu: was a man that advocated the separation of powers. He was a French Nobleman that devoted himself to the study of political liberty. He believed that Britain was the best Governed country. He published a book called On the Spirit of Laws that contained such maxims as When the Legislative and executive powers are united in the same person...there can be no liberty / Again, there is no liberty if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive power / Power should be a check power. His book became the basis for the United States of America's Constitution
Conservatives: were the last part of the third estate. They did not care how it was done; they just wanted the older ways of living. They strongly believed in a monarchy, and wanted to have none of the power.
Voltaire: was a fake pen name created by Francois Marie Arouet. He was born in Paris and nearly died in infancy. For having a mouth that disrespected court officials, he was put in jail for two years at the Bastille. After a second offense, he was exiled to England in which he studied that writings of John Locke. He later fled France to live in Switzerland to write freely and publish his works.
New Scientific knowledge: Oxygen, Electricity, and the conception of Geography.
The Continental System: was when Napoleon cut off all trade with Great Britain to try and make Europe more self-sufficient.
The first estate: estate was the Catholic Church which held about 10% of all the land in France. They were required to pay no taxes.
The Legislative Assembly: split into three smaller groups, radicals, moderates, and émigrés. This was the new form of government that was formed after the National Assembly stepped down from power
Enlightened thinkers: John Locke, Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire.

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