Unit one vocab

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latitude: the angular distance north or south of the equator, defined by lines of latitude or parallels
time - space conbergence: the idea that distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enable s more rapid communication and increased interaction between those places
township: a square normaly six miles on a side. the land ordinance of 1785 divided much of the US into a series of townships
section: a square normally one mile on a side the land ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the US into 36 sections
geoid: the actual shape of the earth, which is rough and oblate, or slightly spuashed; the earth's circumference is larger around the equator than along the meridians from N to S circumference
possibilism: the theory that th physical emvironment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to ajust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
breaking point: the outer edge o fa city's sphere of influence, used in retail gravitation to describe the area of a city's hinterlands that depend that city for its retail supply
friction of distance: a measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places
parallel: an east -west line of latitude that runs parallel to the equator and that marks distance north or south of the equator
cognitive map: an image of a portion of the earth's surface that a person creats in his or her mind. cognitive maps can include knowledge of actual locations and relationships between locations as well as person exceptions and preferences of particular places
Anthropogenic: human induced changes on the natural environment
Intervening opportunities: the idea that one place has a demand for some good or service and two places have a supply of equal price and quality, then the closer of the two will get the job, thereby blocking the other from being able to use its supply
Physical geography: realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and change through time of the natural phenomena of the earth's surface
azimuthal projection: a map -rojection in which the plane is the most developable surface
W.D. Pattison: claimed geography drew from four distinct traditions: the earth-science tradition, the culture-environment tradition, the locational tradition, and the area-analysis tradition
environmental determinism: a nineteenth- and early twentieth century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. geography was there fore the study of how the physical encironment caused human activities
small-scale: map scale raion in which the ratio of units on the map to units ont the earth is quite small. small-scale maps usually depict large areas.
stimulus diffusion: the spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is regected
map: a two dimensional, or flat, representation of the earth's surface or a part of it
isoline: map line that connects points of equal or very similar values
mental map: an internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located
Geographical Information Systems- GIS: a set of computer tools used to capture, stor, transform, analyze and display geographical data
culture: the body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition
absolute distance: the distance that can be measured witha standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer
topographic maps: maps that use isolines to represent constan elevations. if you took a topographic map out into the field and walked exactly along the path of and isoline on your map you would always stay at the same elevation
region: territory that encompasses many places that share similar attributes of places elsewhere
scale: ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on the earth's surface
distance decay effect: the decreas in interaction between two places or people als the distance between them increases
contagious diffusion: the rapid, widewpread diffusion feature of trend throughout a population
physiological density: the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
cultural ecology: the study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments they live in
concentration: the spread of something over a given area concentric zone modes: a model of internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series or rings
topological space: the amount of connectivity between places, regardless fo absolute distance separation them
location charts: on a map, a chart or graph that gives specific statistical information of a patticular political unit or jurisdiction
hazards: anything in the landscape, real or percieved, that is potentially threatening. usually avioded in spatial behavior
agriculteral density: the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
location: the positon of something on earths surface
Global Positioning System GPS: a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers
base line: an east-west line designed under the land ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the united states
toponym: the nime given to a portion of earth's surface
hierarachical diffusion: a type of diffusion in which something is transmitted between places because of something the two places have in common
situation: the relative location of a place in a relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the surrounding area and the connections and interdependencies within that system; a place's spatial context
resource: a substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economilally an dtechnologically feasible to access, and socially acceptabe to use
Carl Sauer: geographer from U of Cal., defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental un graphical anslysis. Sauer argued that virtually no land escaped alteration by human activities
mercator projection: true conformal cylindrical map projection, this projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. famous for their distortion that makes the landmasses at the poles oversized
Qualitative data: data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork aold maps and other activities
remote sensing: observation and mathematical measurements of the earth's surface using aircraft and satellites. the sensors include both photographic images, thermal images, multispectral scanners,and radar images
environmental geography: the intercection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa
longitude: the angular distance east or wext of the prime meridian, difined by lines of longitude, or meridians
dot map: thematic map that uses points to show the precise locations specific observations or occurrences, such as crimes or car accidents
remote sinsing: the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbitiong the planet or other long distance methods
gravity model: a mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other
distance decay: the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phinomenon with increasing distance from its origin
transnational corporation: a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where it's headquarters, or shareholders are located.
parallel: circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians
space: phsical gap or interval between two objects
law of retail gravitation: law that states that people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business because larger cities have a wider influence of hinterlands
expansion diffusion: the spread of a feature of trend among people from one area to another in a 'snowballing' process
density: the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
ptolemy: roman geographer-astronamer- author of Guide to GEography which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude
George Perkins Marsh: His works- Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Activities, gave first description of extent of how natural systems have been impacted by humans -inventor, diplomat, politician, and scholar,
connections: relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
thematic map: type of map that displays one or more variable - such a s population, or income level - within a specific area
uneven development: the increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripneral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
euratosthenes: head librarian at alexandria during third century B.C. Came up with the term Geography one of first cartographers, preformed a remarkably accurate computation of the earth's circumference.
pattern: the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a stud area
reference map: a map type that shows reference information for a particular place , making it useful for finding landmarks and for navigating
sense of place: feelings evoked by people as a result of certain eJ and memories associated whigha particular place
space-time compression: the reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
systematic geography: the study of the earth's integrated systems insted of focusing on particular phenomena in a single place
cultural landscape: the human modified natural landscape specifically containeng the imprint of a particular cultural or society
preference map: a map that displays individual prefrences for certain places
Greenvich Mean Time: the time in that zone encompassing the prime meridian, or zero degrees longitude
large-scale: a relatively small ration between map units and ground units. usually have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than small scale maps
place: a specific point on earth distinguished by a particular character
meridian: an arc drawn on a map between the north and south poles
land ordinance of 1785: a law that divided much oth the US into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers
Proportional Symbols map: thematic map in which the size of a chose R symbol- such as a circle or triangle- indicates the relative magnitude of some statistical value for a given geographical region
site: absolute location of a place described by local relief, landforms, and other cultural or physical characheristics
latitude: the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator
expansion diffusion: the spread of ideas, innovations, fashion, or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact and exchange
regional geography: the study of geographic regions
formal region: or uniform homogeneous region; an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
connectivity: the degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places
earth system science: systematic approach to physical geography that looks at the interaction between the earth's physical systems and processes on a global scale
international date line: an arc that for the most part fallows one hundred and eighty degrees longitude. when you cross this line heading east toward USA the clock moves back a day when you go west it moves ahead one day
diffusion: the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
spatial diffusion: refers to the ways in which phenomena, such as technological innovations, cultural trends, or even outbreaks of disease, travel over space
hierarchical religion: a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
region: an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
relocation diffusion: the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
venacular region or perceptual region: an area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identy
visualization: use of sophisticated software to create dynamic computer maps. some of which are three dimensional or interactive
polder: land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area
fertile cresent: lower Nile Valley along the east mediterranean coast, and into syria and present day Iraq where agriculture and early civilization first began 800
Natural Landscape: the physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities
relative distance: measure that includes the costs of overcomming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. often describes the amount of social ,cultural or economic connectivity between two places
site: the physical character of a place
transferability: the costs involved in moving goods from one place to another
prime meridian: an imaginary line passing through the royal observatory in Greenwhich England, which marks the 0 line of longitude
scale: generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being sturied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size or an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on earth's surface
Meridian: a line of latitude that runs parallel to the epuator and that marks distance intersect at the poles
principle meridian: a north south line designed in the land ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the US
coordinate system: a standard grid, composed of lines of latitude and longitude, used to determine the absolute location of any object, place or area on the earth's surface
longitude: the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians dran ofn a globe and measuring the distance east and west of the prime meridain or zero degrees
Map projection: a mathematical method that involves transferring the earth's sphere onto a flat surface this term can also be used to describe the type of map that results from the process of projection. always has distoritons
fuller projection: a type of map projection that maintains the accurate sixe and shape of landmases but completely rerranges direction such that the four cardinal directions have no meaning
cartography: the science of making maps
regional or cultural sandscape studies: an approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area
quantitative data: data associated with mathematical modeles and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and saaociation
complementarity: the actual or potential relationship between two places usually refering to economic interactions
sustainability: the concept of using the earth's resources in such they provide for people's need in the present without diminishing it for future generations
cartograms: a type of thematic map that transforms space such that the unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by largest relative area
resolution: map's smallest discernable unit. if for example, an object has to be one kilometer long to show up on a map than a map's resolution is one kilometer
functional or nodal region: an area organized around a node or focal point
GPS: set of satellites used to help determine location anywhere on the earth's surface with a portable electronic device
globalization: actions of processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
distribution: the arangement of something across Earth's surface
cultural ecology: geographic approach that emphasizes human - environmental rlationship
choropleth map: a thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent data as average values per unit area
Thematic layers: individual maps of specific features that are of another in a geographical information system(GIS) to understand spatial relationship
hearth: the region from which innovative ideas originate
GIS: a computer system that stores, organizes, and displays geographic data
Nomothetic: concepts or rules that can be applied universally
relative location: the position of a place rlative to the places around it
quantitative revolution: period in human geography associated with the widespread adoption of mathematical modles and statistical techniques
absolute location: the exact position of an object or place, measured with the spatial coordinates of a grid system
arithmetic density: the total number of people divided by the total land area
relocation diffusion: the diffusion of ideas, innovations, behaviors, from one ploace to another through migration
Idiographic: pertaining to the unique facts or characteristics of a particular place
projection: the system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface ot a flat map
accessibility: the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place
Pobinson projection: projection that attempts to balance several possible projecton errors, it does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimixed errors in each
situation: the location of a place relative to other places. situation factors location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory
International date line: the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian
cultural landscape: fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group
contagious diffusion: the spread of disease, innovation, or cultural through direct contact with another person or another place
Spatial Perspective: an intellectual framework that looks at the locations of specific phenomena, how and why that pnenomena is , and , finally, how it is spatially related to phenomena in other places

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