bsc chapter 1-3
Terms
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- substance consisting of 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
- compound
- neutural particals in the nucleus of an atom
- neutrons
- positive partical in nucleus of atom
- proton
- required by an organism only in minute quantities
- trace elements
- smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
- atom
- substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
- an element
- negatively charged particals which orbit the nucleus
- electrons
- subatomic measuring unit
- dalton
- the number of protons, which is unique to each element
- atomic number
- number sum of protons plus + neutrons
- mass number
- atom with differing number of neutron
- isotope
- isotope which is unstable in which nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particals of energy
- radioactive isotope
- ability to do work
- energy
- energy that matter stores because of its position or location
- potential energy
- farthest electron shell
- valence shell
- three dimentional space where the electron is located
- orbit
- bonds in which atoms complete their valence shell
- chemical bonds
- chemical bond in which a pair of valence electrons are shared by two atoms
- covalent bonds
- 2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
- molecule
- bond in which atoms share 2 pairs of valence electrons
- double covalent bonds
- the attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
- electronegativity
- covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally
- nonpolar covalent bond
- covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally
- polar covalent bond
- a charged atom, negatively or positively
- ion
- positively charged ion
- cation
- negatively charged ion
- anion
- bonds between oppositely charged ions
- ionic bond
- compounds formed by ionic bonds
- salt
- bond formed when a hydrogen atom, covalently bonded to 1 electronegative atom, is also attracted to another electronegative atom
- hydrogen bond
- making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter
- chemical reaction
- starting materials in chemical reactions
- reactants
- creations of chemical reactions
- products
- type of chemical reaction in which 2 or more reactants form 1 product
- combination
- type of chemical reaction in which 1 reactant forms 2 or more products
- decomposition
- chemical reaction in which nonmetals or their compounds react with oxygen to produce their oxide and release heat energy
- combustion
- chemical reaction in which 1 element replaces another in a compound
- replacement
- hydrogen bonds holding water together
- cohesion
- clinging of one substance to another
- adhesion
- measure of the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules
- temperature
- amount of energy that must be absorbed for 1 g of substance to raise temp by 1 degree celcius
- specific heat
- quantity of heat that must be absorbed in order for 1 g of a substance to turn from liquid to vapor
- heat of vaporization
- a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances
- solution
- disolving agent
- solvent
- substance that is disolved
- solute
- solution in which water is the solvent
- aqueous solution
- the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ions
- hydration cell
- substance with an afinity for water
- hydrophilic
- substances that repel water
- hydrophobic
- molecular weight expressed in grams
- moles
- sum weight of all atoms in a molecule
- molecular weight
- number of mols of solute per liter of solution
- molarity
- substances that increase hydrogen ion concentration of a substance
- acid
- substance that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
- base
- levels of biological organization
- kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
- 5 kingdoms
- animalia, fungi, plantae, protista, monera