Cross Cultural Psychology
Terms
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- 2 main goals of psychology
- building a body of knowledge about people, taking that body of knowledge and applying it to peoples lives
- ccp
- a research method that tests the cultural parameters of psy. knowledge
- universal v. cultural-specific theories and priciples
- universal is true for all people of all cultures, and cultural specific is true for some cultures and some people
- 6 general categories in which culture is described
- 1. descriptive-diff. types of activities or behaviors ass. with a culture 2 Historical-heritage and tradition 3 Normative-rules and norms 4 psychological-emphasize learning, problem solving and other behavioral approaches 5 structural-emphasize societal or organizational elements 6 Genetic- origins of the culture
- 8 broad categories of culture
- general characteristics, food and clothing, housing and technology, economy and transportation, individual and family activities, community and government, wlfare religion and science, sex and life cycle
- is culture a uniquely human product?
- No, animals and humans differ by 2 means language and complex social cognition
- Ratchet effect
- an improvement never goes backwards, it only goes forward and continues to improve on itself
- Culture
- a unique meaning and info system, shared by a group of people and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, happiness, and well-being, and derive meaning from life
- society v culture
- the fact the relationships among individuals, and society, individuals have multiple relationships with multiple groups, complex. Culture refers to the meanings and info associated with social networks
- Factors that influence Culture
- 1-ecological factors- climate, geography, natural resources 2-social factors-population density, technolgy, type of government, religion, media... 3-Biological factors-personality...
- Hofstede cultural dimensions
- 1-individualism v collectivism 2-power distance-degree to which cultures will encourage less powerful members of groups to accept that power is distributed unequally 3-Uncertainty Avoidence-degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown or ambiguous situations, and have developed beliefs, or rituals to avoid them. 4-Masculinity v Feminity- on one pole success, money on the other caring and quality of life 5-Long v short term orientation-degree to which cultures encourage delayed gratification of material, social, and emotional needs among its members
- Schwartz's values
- 1-emeddedness- degree to which cultures emphasize the maintenence of the status quo..that might disrupt the solidarity of the group or order=social order, respect for tradition, family security, and self-disicpline 2-Hierarchy-degree to which culture emphasize the legitimacy of hierarchial allocation of fixed roles and resources such as social power, authority, or wealth 3-Mastery-degree to which cultures emphasize getting ahead through active self assertion=ambition, sucess, daring, competence 4-intellectual Autonomy-degree to which cultures emphasizing promoting and protecting the ind idea and rights of the ind=curiousty, creativity 5-affective autonomy-degree to which cultures emphasize the promotion and protection of people ind pursuit pf pos experiences=pleasures and excting or varied life 6-egalitarianism-degree to which cultures emphasize transcending selfish interests in favor of the voluntary promotion of the wellfare of others=equality, social justice, freedom, responsibility, and honsety 7-harmony-degree to which cultures emphasize fitting in with the environment=unity with nature, protection of env.
- Social Axioms
- general beliefs and premises about oneslef, the soc and physical environment and the spirtual world.
- Leung and bonds social axioms
- 1-dynamic externality-=collectivist,conservative..outward oriented simple grasping of external forces that are construed to include fate anf a supreme being 2-societal cynicism-predominatly cognitive pessimism of the world confronting people=malignent outcomes caused by the world, ,,,
- etics
- processes that are consistent across diff cultures, universal
- emics
- processes that are diff across cultues, cultural specific
- Phonemes
- aspects of language that are specific to a particular culture
- phonetics
- aspects of a language that are common across cultures
- attributions
- Beliefs about the underlying causes of behavior
- enculturation
- process of learining about and being indoctrinated into a culture
- A
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- acquiesence bias
- tendency to agree on questionaries
- context variables
- operationalize aspects of a culture that researchers believe produce diffin psy variable.-unpacking studies
- decenter
- concept undrlying the procedure of back translation that involves eliminating any cultural specific concepts pf the original lang or translating them equal in the traget lang
- ecological studies
- phase 2, study in which countries or cultures not ind are the unit of analysis
- extreme response bias
- tendency to use the ends of a scale regardless of item content
- idiocentricism
- ind. on the ind level. on cultural level, individualism refers to how a culture functions. ho eind may act in accordance with ind cultural frameworks
- linguistic equivalence
- semantic equivalence bw protocols used in cc comparison study (instruments, instructions..)
- response bias
- a systematic tendency to rspond in certain ways to items or scales
- reference group effect
- idea that ppl make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales. pples ratings will be influenced by the implicit comparisons thay make bw themselves and others.
- linkage studies
- phase 4.studies that attempt to measure an aspect of culture theoretically hypothesized to produces cultural diff and then empirically link that measured aspect of the culture with the dependent variable.
- Cultural studies
- phase 3. studies that use rich, complex, and in depth descriptions of cultures and cultural diff to predict and test for diff in a pschological variable
- cc comparison
- phase 1. study that compares 2 or more cultures on some psy variable of interst often with the hypothesis that one culture will have a significantly higher score on the variable than the others
- unpacking studies
- studies that unpack the contents of the global, unspecific concept of culture into specific, measurable psychological constructs and examine their contribution to cultural diff.
- socialization agents
- parnets, siblings, extended families, peers, school, church...
- acculturation
- adapting and adoting a diff culture then what was previous encultured to you
- authoritarian parent
- expect obedience, and feel the child needs to be controlled =axious withdrawn
- authoritative parents
- sensitive to childs needs, firm, fair, and reasonable=creative, high self esteem
- permissive parents
- warm and nurturing to child, allow child to regulate their own lives=immature
- uninvovled parents
- too absorbed in own lives that they dont respond appropriatly to their child=noncompliant, and demanding
- configurative culture
- change occurs fast. both adults and peers socialize child. young ppl turn to each other for advice
- postfigurative culture
- change is slow. socialization primarly by elders.
- prefigurative culture
- changing very fast young ppl may be the ones to teach adults