Microbiology test 2
Terms
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- Cause's DNA to unzip during DNA replition
- Helicase
- Cause's the re-pairing, and catches mistakes during DNA replication
- DNA polymerase I
- Corrects mistakes during DNA replication
- DNA polymerase III
- Forms Hydrogen bonds and Final bonding in DNA replication
- Ligase
- Recoils DNA to complete DNA replication
- Gyrase
- What is DNA replication
- The process by which DNA duplicates itself prior to cell divison
- What is trascription of mRNA
- The process by which mRNA is made from info encoded by a gene (limited DNA site)
- In mRNA what is the range of nucleotides
- 100-1000's nucleotides long
- what is any sequence of 3 nitrogen bases or Nucleotides
- Codon
- How many Codon combo's are there. How many code for an amino acid?
- 64 total. 61 code for amino acid
- What is the start codon
- AUG, Methionine
- Name the 3 stop codon's
- UAA, UAG, UGA,
- What is Translation
- The change of gentic info carried by mRNA into an amino acid chain or protien.
- What are the 6 Gateways to infection
- Skin, Gastrointestinal tract, fecal bacteria (exit), respiratory, Urogential, Pregnancy, Nonsocomial (dr visits)
- How many Cells in the human body
- 75 trillon
- What is a Mutation
- Any perminate inheritable change in Gentic info of a cell.
- How many Mutations occur daily
- 7,500
- What is level of mutation is said to be high and what level is said to be low
-
10,00000 10-5th power is low
10,0000000000 10-10th power is high mutation. - What are the 3 causes of mutation.
- Chemical, Radiation, Just happens.
- What are some examples of chemically caused mutations
- Petrolium products (cancerious) Nitrous Acid, Agent orange
- What is Agent orange
- the cemicals 2,4,5-T and 2-4-D mixed together.
- What are some examples of Radiation caused mutations
- X-rays, Gama Rays, ultra violate rays (sun)
- What is the addition, deletion or substitution of 1 or more bases in the gentic code
- point Mutation
- Causes the production of nonfuctional or different protien
- Missense
- Causes the production of nonsense condon out of sequence. give example
-
Nonsence mutation.
example: Aug-uAA start-stop - to alture a nucleotide but not change the amino acid or protien is?
- a Silent Mutation
- When a gene reverts to its original base it is?
- A back Mutation, DNA polymerase
- When 1 base is either added or deleted it is
- A frameshift mutation
- How does lysozyme fight infections. and give example of where lysozymes are found
- attack peptidoglycans(cell wall) of bacteria
- How does normal flora cause infections.
- Because its an Endogenous spred(found all over the body) it is opertunistic can cause infection from wound or take advantage
- What normal flora is found on the skin
- Staphylocccus Mircococcus Corynebacterium Propionibacterium. Malassezia (fungi) Demodix(animals)mange
- What normal flora is found in the mouth
- strep. Nesseria Staph.
- What normal flora is found in the stomach
- none
- Normal flora is the Intestine
- Eubacterium, Clostridiumm step. E-coli
- What normal flora is in the Urinary tract
- Staph, Strep
- What % of blood is made up of Erythrocytes. and what do they do
- Carry oxigen, 45%
- What % of blood is made up of plamsa
- 55%. Mostly warter
- What % of blood is made up of platlets(thrombocytes)
- Less then 1%
- what is a normal White blood count (leukocytes)
- 5000-9000
- What is a high white blood count
- 15,000
- What white blood count is a indication of Leukemia
- 21,000+
- What is Granular white cells
- Large and visible (chemical pockets) and broken down by PH dye's
- What is Agranular white cells
- Small or nondisernable (chemical pockets)broken down by function. Have X-large nucleous
- What Percetage of White blood cells are Neutrophil's. And what are there primary Charactoristics
- 65%. prefer neutral PH (stain with a neutral dye) they active phagocytes (army T-cell) active cell eaters
- What percetage of white blood cells are Eosinophil. And primary Charactoristics
- 3%. stain with acid dye. They distroy chemical infections. cause inflamation and respond to alergy
- What percetage of white cells are basophil. and primary function
- less the 1% ph basic. respond to worm (fungi) infection and some alergy inflamation
- What 3 leukocytes are Granular
- Neutrophil, Eosinophil, basophil.
- What 2 lymphocytes are Agranular
- Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
- What % of white cells are Lymphocites and primary function
- 25% include T-cell (killer cells) B-cell(form antibodys)
- What % of white cells are Monocytes and primary function
- 5% largest of white blood cells (ambush) wedge inside muscle tissue and grab invaders
- What is the lymphatic system made up of in basic terms
- Network of glans and ducts that filter blood. (smokers lyphatic system is gummed up)
- What is the reason for Inflammation
- Swelling & fever increase blood flow to infected area,where it fights infection temp increase also hurts antigen's
- What is an Antigen. give examples
- forgien invaders. bacteria, virus, venom, poison,
- What is the antigenic determinant site
- unique feature to antigen. site which an antibody attaches to an antigen.
- What is Valance
- The number of Antgenic Determinat sites.
- What is an Antibody
- protien produced by B-cell that attacks a specific antigen.
- What is the atigenic variable site
- The site on the Antibody that attaches to the Antigen each antibody can cover 2 antigenic determinate sites
- What is the percentage shape and function of IgG antibodys. how are they transfered
- 80%. monomer, provide long term immunity. tranfered threw placenta only
- What is the percentage shape and function of IgM antibodys
- 6% Petamer. Cluster or group antigen pull antibody to one place
- What is the percentage shape and function of IgA antibodys
- 13% Dimer, Cluster or group antigen, found in mucus membrain and milk
- What is the percentage shape and function of IgD antibodys
- 1%, monomer. B-cell receptor site triger b-cell to react
- What is the percentage shape and function of IgE antibodys
- .0002% monomers, fight off worm infection (main causes of alergy's)
- What constitutes active immunity
- 20years+ last a long time
- what constitutes passive immunity.
- short lived less then 20 years.
- What are the 3 forms of active immunity. give examples
-
Species: gained becase you are a specific species
Inate: gained due to geography ie Sicle Cell/malaria
Individual:family traits/life experiences - What is Active artifical immunity
- 20years+ from vaccine (must be given)
- What is passive natural immunity
- short lived 3-4 years. gained by recoverey of infection.
- What is Passive artifical immunity
- Short Lived, Vaccination. Example: MMR DPT shots. mesals,mumps rebela. diptheria, pertosis, tetnis
- What are some examples of Vaccines from killed whole bacteria
- Bubonic plague. Cholera, anthrax,
- What are some examples of live attenuated bacteria(not viable but still alive)
- TB, Typhoid
- What are some examples of Acellular Vaccines(only parts of bacteria with AD site)
- Meningococle meningitis
- What are some examples of Toxoid Vaccines(purified bactial toxin,injected small amounts)
- Botulism. DPT
- What are some examples of Inactive whole virus(not viable but intact)
- rabies, hep A, salk, polio, old world flu.
- What are some examples of Live attenuated virus(still viable but weak)
- MMR, sobin pollio, yellow fever, old flu,
- What are some examples of Subunit Virus Vaccines(part of the virus injected)
- todays flu. ie Flu shots
- What are some examples of Recombinant Vaccines(use genetic material)
- Hep-B. Pretosis
- Give the cause function and examples of type I alergy's
- Caused by IgE antibodies, common hay fever, pollin, can cause anaphylactic shock
- Give the cause function and examples of type II alergy's
- Caused by IgG or IgM. Wrong Blood transfusion A-B B-A blood platlets sucked dry causes bruising
- Give the cause function and examples of type III alergy's
- Caused by IgG & IgM antibodys become traped in tissue remitoid arthritis multiplesclerosis
- Give the cause function and examples of type IV alergy's
- Hypersesitivity, poison Ivy, poison Oak, organ transplant rejection, T-cell attack infection but become carrier.
- What the high weight characters of bacteria
-
Gram stain #1
shape
arangement
oxigen requirement
spore production
firmation test - What the low weight characters of bacteria
-
habitat
motility
size
temp growth range
growth charactoristics - What is the Bergeys manual and how was it started
- Created in 1925 by journal of bacteriology David Bergey died left money to fund journal. currently in 9th edition
- What does a + mean in bergeys and what does a - mean
-
90% or more of the test react=+
90% or more dont react= - - What does [+] and [-] mean
- 75-90% react+ or dont -
- What does D mean in bergeys
- 25-75 react/dont react
- What are primary charactoristic of the Staphlyococci Group of Bacteria
-
Gram + never produce spores
facultative, anaerobic, Pygenic (puss former) Some are hemolytic(break down blood) - What is the Charactoristics of Staph Aureus
- Produce Coagulas(cause blood clots) Toxic shock syn, and are Beta-hemolytic, attact break down B-cell
- What the the Symtoms of Staph Aureaus
- Blood infection, cause heart attack, stoke, eat skin, Beta hemolytic
- How is Staph Aureus transmited
- Cut, Legion, Surgery
- What is a good Treatment of Staph infections
- Penacillan. Cephalosporins
- What are good ways to control Staph
- Antibodys and good anticeptic practice
- What are the Charactoristic of Staph Saprophyticus
- Non-coagulase. non-hemolitic
- What are the symtoms of staph saprophyticus
- Unrinary track infections (common in women)
- What is Staph Saprophyticus transmitted
- Opertunitic. IE normal flora to Urinary track
- What are the charactoristics of Staph epidermidis
- Non-coagulase. blood infection
- What are the main Charactoristic of the Steptococci Group
-
gram+ capsule+
White spred
A-V types (A severe b less severe) Worst are A,B,C,D (beta hemolitic) - What are the Characteristics of strep pyogenes
- Puss formers.
- What are the symptoms of strep Pyogenes
- Farengitis(strep throat)advance to Rhumatic Fever(heart valves) damage kidneys(scarlet fever)cause death
- How is strep pyogenes spred
- Airsols(from the mouth air born)
- What is a good treatment for for Strep infections
- Penacillan, Erythromycin
- What are some ways of Controling strep Pyogenes
- Rapid treatment. Removal of Tonsils
- What are the Characteristics of Strep Agalactiae
- Beta hemolitic, Common in Vaginal track, intestines pharax. *not normal flora
- how is Strep Agalactiae spred
- Children exposed during birthing process, opertunitics
- What are the characteristics of strep Faecalis Type D*
- Alpha and beta-hemolitic comming in intestine(mamals)
- What are the Symptoms of Strep Faecalis.
- Urinary track infection(severe) endocarditis(inflamation of the heart)
- How is Strep Faecalis(enterococcus spred)
- Opetunistic
- What are the Charactoristics of Strep Mutans Type N
- Non-hemolitic, big acid producer, normal-flora in mouth causes cavities(dental term is carries)
- What are the symtoms of strep Mutans
- Teeth Rott
- What is the Treatment of Strep Mutans
- Fill or remove infected tooth/teeth
- What is a good way to control Strep Mutans
- Proper dental hygene
- What are the charactoristic of Strep Pneumoniae (diploccous)
- Alpha hemolitic common in respratory track (80 stains) *not normal floral. effects mostly children
- How is Strep Pneumoniae spred
- Airsol
- What is a good control of Strep Pneumoniae
- un-controlable a weak vaccine is availble for high risk ppl only 50% of the population are carriers.
- What are the Symtoms of Strep Pneumoniae
- Respratory infection 30% mortality rate.
- What are the charactoristics of Neisseria group
- Gram negative, falcutative, anaerobic,
- What are the Charactoristics of Neiesseria gonorrhoeae
- Diplococcus
- What are the symptoms of Neiesseria gonnorrhoeae
- Ferments Glucose, mild burning sensation during urination
- What are the 2 forms of Gonorrhoeae
- Venereal (Sexual transmission) and Congenital From the birthing process eye infection can cause blindess
- What is the treatment of Gonnorrhoeae
- Ceftriaxone. Quinolone, spectinomycin. Silver-nitrate drops in the eyes(congenital)
- What are the Charactoristics of Neisseria meningitidis
- Small children high risk, grows in the nasal passages moves to the brain.
- What are The symtoms of Neisseria Meningitidis
- Headache, fever,stiff neck, coma, shock, cardiac failure, can kill in 24hrs
- How ia Meningitidis spred
- Airsol
- What is the treatment for Meningitidis
- Penacillin, ampicillin
- How can you control Meningitidis
- Most ppl have good immunity. poor (ineffctive vaccine available) and isolation