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- What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?
- epinephrine, norephrine or dopamine
- what is the primary neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?
- acetylcholine
- what effect on energy does the sympathetic nervous system have?
- expending
- what effect on energy does the parasympathetic nervous system have?
- conserving
- Are preganglionic fibers of symph nervous system short or long?
- short
- are preganglionic fibers of parasymph nervous system short or long
- long
- what affect does the sympathetic nervous system have on vitals, etc
- inc HR, inc RR, dilated blood vessels to skeletal muscle, dilated bronchioles
- whate affect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on vitals, etc
- decreases HR and RR, constricts blood vessels to skeletal muscle and bronchioles.
- Can a spinal reflex occur even if the spinal cord is completely severed
- yes
- what risk is assoc with a Class V patient?
- grave
- what Class would an obese 1yr old cat for declaw be
- Class II
-
What pre anes test would you run for a 15 yr old Class IV
patient - Complete blood chemistry, CBC, EKG, UA
- what percentage of the symp nervous system is made up by the vagus nerve
- 80%
- a chemical messenger released by the synaptic endbulbs of the telodendra which passes nerve impulses to an adjacent structure
- neurotransmitter
- family of pre-anesthetics with minimal adverse effects on cardio or resp systems
- benzodiazepines
- pre-an class that decreases anxiety but can cause hypotension
- phenothiazine derivatives
- pre-an class that provides excellent analgesia
- opioids
- class of pre-an that blocks stimulation of the vagus nerve
- anticholinergics
- class of pre-an that provides heavy sedation and analgesia
- neuroleptanalgesics
- class of pre-ans that have a reversal available
- thiazine derivatives and opioids
-
pre-an
causes bradychadia, 2nd degree heart block, hypotension - xylazine
-
pre-an
contraindicated if pre-existing tachycardia - atropine
- pr-an with long lasting analgesic effect
- buprenorphine
- pre-an that reduces the seizure threshold
- acepromazine
- pre an that has anticonvulsant effect
- diazepam
- pre an that has antiarrhythmic affect
- acepromazine
- pre-an tranq contraindicated if pt is shocky, hypotensive or anemic
- acepromazine
- anticholinergic that doesnt cross placenta
- glycopyrolate
- where is stethoscope placed for cardiac auscultation in a bird
- at the thoracic inlet or just below the keel with the steth head angled cranially
- Is pulse oximetry useful in birds
- yes
- what does tail bobbing in birds indicate?
- respiratory disease
- how long should a small bird be fasted prior to sx
- 2-4 hours to decrease passive regurgitation
- why are uncuffed endo tubes used in birds
- because of inexpandible complete tracheal rings
- why are birds able to vocalize while intubated
- a sound producing syrinx distal to the ET
- are rabbits and rodents fasted
-
no- do not vomit
small size, high metabolic rate - reccomended anticholinergic in rabbits
- glycopyrolate
- what do you use to intubate rabbits
- canine otoscope, laryngoscope, introducer
- why cant you use a pulse ox in small rodents
- high reart rate, weak signal
- why is it important to monitor body temp in small rodents during sx
- tend to lose heat rapidly, ovreheat rapidly if provided with external heat source
- how can you avoid body heat loss in rodents
- shave small, avoid cold prep solutions, warm any parenteral solutions
- what do you use for anesthetic recovery in small mammals
- warm 80 degrees quiet recovery cage, no sawdust. Feed quickly
- what is the preferred pre-an agent for rabbits
- acepromazine
- does using atropine as pre-an help to control/prevent seizures
- no
- pre-an and inj an agent that sensitizes the heart to arrhthmogenic effects of epinephrine
-
pre-ans=zylazine (thiazine derivative/alpah-2 adrenoreceptor agonist)
inj an= thiopental(barbiturate) - why is ket used with a tranq
- because it causes rigidity: porr muscle relaxation
- why is thiopental not used in sighthounds
- lack of body fat causes drug to stay in blood longer
- 2 contraindications for the barbiturate family of induction agents
-
sighthounds(thiopental and pentobarbital)
acidoses, hypoproteinemia,
shock, hepatic disease, pediatric patient - what happens to reflexes when using cyclohexamines
- catalepsy- reflexes present, jerky. sensitive to sound
- does ket depress cardiac rate or function
- no- it supports it
- advantage/disadvantage of propoflo
-
ad= short acting, metabolized quickly
con= expensive, no preservative - what drugs good to induce patient in shock
- ket/val
- does propofol provide good analgesia
- no
- 2 adverse effects of halothane
-
sensitized heart to epinephrine-arrhythmias.
respiratory depression
vasodilation-hypothermia
hypotension
bradycardia - of halothane or methoxyflurane- which better for patient with renal disease
- halothane
- mac=
- minimum alveolar concentration
- what do you need to use a non precision vaporizer
- low vapor pressure
- whatindicated rapid induction
- low sulubility
- what indicated potency
- low mac
- which gas anesthetic causes the greatest resp depression
- methoxyflurane
- is nitrous oxide used alone
- no
- 1 contraindication to use of nitrous oxide
- resp disease
- diffusion hypoxia=
- If nitrous oxide left in lungs will displace oxygen. Run O2 for a few min after turning an gas off
- how often should anesthetized patient be checked
- every 5 min
- 1 clinical sign seen in patient if o2 absorber exhausted-REBREATHER ONLY
- tachyphnea, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, abnormal capnogram
- how can you tell endo tube blocked
- resistance felt when bagging
- how can you prevent bag in semi closed rebreathing circuit from filling too fast
-
decrease oxygen flow rate
open pop off valve a little - why are geriatric patients at increased risk
- decreased hepatic renal function
- why are pediatric patients at increased risk
- predisposed to hypoglycemia
- how should you anesthetize a brachycephalic breed
-
torb- no ace
atropine- decreases vagal tone
pre-oxygenate 5 min
rapid induction with propoflo, intubate quickly - anesthetics safe for c-section
-
neuoroleptanalgesic and local,
mask with iso or sevo - if an animal has respiratory disease should you mask down
- no
- 2 pre an or an drugs to avoid in animal with hepatic disease
-
ace
thiopental - is iso good for 15 yr old cat with chronic renal failure
- yes
- 2 causes of animal being too light
- lack of gas, lack of O2 flow
- what are signs of too light
- inc HR, RR, movement, respone to pain.
- signs of too deep
- low HR, RR, lack of reflexes
- 2 causes of pale mm
-
blood loss, prior anemia or sx
medetomidine, hypotension - causes of dyspnea and cyanosis during sx
- kinked endo tube, resp disease,lack of O2 supply
- what breeds tend to have tachypnea during anesthesia
- toy, obese
- 2 drugs that cause tachycardia
-
atropine
glyco - 2 causes of bradycardia
- excessive anesthetic depth, medetomidine
- 2 causes of cardiac arrhythmia
- excessive anesthetic depth, shock, hypotension, xylazine
- what drugs treat cardiac arrhythmia
-
lidocaine
oxygen - safest way to anesthetize animal not fasted
-
IV incuction, quick intubation
maintain with iso, sevo -
causes seizures
treats seizures -
ace
diazepam - how would you diagnose and treat laryngospasm during recovery in a cat
-
noise on inspiration
Prevent with IV incuction
treat with corticosteroids - why is it difficult to assess anesthetic depth during a neuromuscular block
-
there is an absence of reflexes, jaw tone,
possibly respiration - what order are muscles affected in a neuromuscular block
-
facial and neck
limb tail and abdominal
intercostals and diaphragm - what is mintime and temp for steam autoclave once pressure reached
- 13 min at 121C/250F at 15psi
- what is flash sterilization
- uncovered instruments- 3 min at 131C/270F
-
how long are double wrapped muslin packs sterile for in closed cabinet
open cabinet -
7 weeks
3 weeks - single wrapped muslin in open cabinet- sterile for?
- 2 days
- most common gas used for chemical sterilization
- ethylene oxide
- difference between sterilization and disinfection
- sterilization kills organisms and spores.Disinfection only kills vegetative organisms, not spores
- why would a pack be unsterile
- wet after sterile, tape broken or loose, date missing, illegible, outer wrap torn, dropped on floor
-
how long in cold sterile for
disinfection
sterilization -
5-20 min
10 hrs- still not assured - what method of sterilization is used to sterilize fluids
- filtration
- what is ionizing radiation used for
- gloves, plastic tubing, suture material
- qualities of ideal wrap material
-
selective permeability
resistance to damage
flexibility
memory- lay flat when opened -
suture flexibility
most to least - silk-braided polyesters- nylon and surgical gut-stainless steel
- how is absorbable suture removed from the body
-
enzymatic degradation
phagocytosis
hydrolysis - what suture can be autoclaved
- nylon and stainless steel
-
what are the natural absorbable sutures
braided or mono - gut-mono
- what are synthetic absorbable sutures, braided or mono
-
Polyglycolic Acid (PGA) or Dexon- mono and braided
Polyglactin 910 (vicryl)-braided
PDS-mono - what are natural non absorb sutures- mono or braided
-
silk- braided or twisted
stainless steel-mono - what are synthetic non absorbables- braided or mono
-
nylon-both
prolene-mono
polyester-braided - is braided suture good for infected wounds
- no
- which has better knot security- braided or mono
- braided
- which is more reactive- synthetic multifilament or synthetic monofilament
- synthetic multi
- reactivity most to least
- gut- synthetic multi- synthetic mono- metallic
- where does somatic pain arise from
- skin,SQ, muscles, bones and joints
- what is a nocioceptor
- a naked afferent nerve ending sensitive to a noxious stimulus or one that would become noxious if prolonged
- opioid family drug that gives pain relief up to 12 hrs after IM inj
- buprenorphine
- most common side effect of NSAIDS
- ulcers
- lab changes assoc w/ pain/distress
- Inc WBC, lymph, glucose, PCV, cortisol and catecholamines
- what are physical changes in response to pain
-
Inc HR, BP, pale mm. Inc CRT, panting, trembling
reluctance to urinate -
drug or family that inhibits
transduction of pain
transmission
modulation
perception -
transduction-local, NSAIDS, opioids
transmission-local, A2 agonists (domitor)
modulation- epidural, opioids,cholinesterase inhibitors, A2agonists
perception= anesthetics, opioids, A2 agonists, benzodiazapines - Non pharmaceutical methods for pain control
- nursing care, massage, cold or heat, physical therapy, accupuncture
- windup is
- build up of chemicical mediators during sx that the animal feels post op.
- multi-modal analgesia is
- balanced use of different methods, ie opioid and NSAID
- what 3 layers are closed in a 3 layer closure
- linea alba, subcutaneous, skin
- other name for castration
- orchiectomy
- another name for celiotomy
- laparatomy