Psychology Test 1 Ch 3
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Spotlight Effect
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Definition: The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are.
Ex: you wear a ridiculous shirt to class and expect everyone to laugh, but surprisingly, very little people actually noticed - Illusion of Transparency
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Definition: The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.
Ex: You think that if you're happy, that your face will surely show it and everyone will notice, but you are more opague than you think - Other Examples of Self-Awareness
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1) Social Surroundings Affect out self-awareness
2) Self-interest colors social judgment
3) Self-concern motivates our social behavior
4) Social relationships help define our self - Self-Concept
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A person's answer to the question, "who am i?"
"I am..." - Self-Schema
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Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
Ex: Athletic, overweight, smart - Self-Reference Effect
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The tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself.
Ex: If asked whether the world "out-going" describes us, we remember it better than a word that applies to someone else. - Possible Selves
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Images of what we dream of or dread of becoming in the future.
Ex: the rich self, the thin self, or the underemployed self, the unloved self - Social Experience on Self-Concept
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1) Roles we play
2) Social Identities we form
3) Comparisons we make with others
4) Our successes and failures
5) how other people judge us
6) the surrounding culture - Social Comparison
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Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself to others
Ex: Given a little pond, a fish feels better. Students threatened by top universities after being the top of their class in high school. - The Looking Glass Self
- How we imagine another perceives us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves. But rather than how they think of us, it should be how we perceive them as thinking.
- Individualism
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The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
Ex: "I am tall" vs "I am a Tsai" - Collectivism
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Giving priority to the goals of one's groups (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
Ex: "Went to the movie" vs "I went to the movie" - Dual Attitudes
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Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Werbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.
Ex: When you were younger you feared someone you really respect now. - Self-Efficacy
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A sense that one is competient and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, one's sense of self-worth. A bombardier might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem.
Children/adults with strong feelings of self-efficacy:persistent, less anxious, less depressed, live longer, more successful - Locus of Control
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The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces.
Ex: "I have no social life" gets a call, "I was just lucky, it won't happen again." - Learned Helplessness
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The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.
Ex: Hospitals who only focus on nursing and no independence making people feel like inanimate objects who can't depend on themselves - slower recovery - Self-Esteem
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A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth
Ex: See ourselves as attractive, smart, or weak, ugly - Self-Serving Bias
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The tendency to perceive oneself favorably
Ex: If score 100% on test, say that you studied really hard but if you get 50% you say that the test was unfair - False Consensus Effect
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The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors
Ex: People who sneak a shower during a shower ban believe others are doing the same thing. - False Uniqueness Effect
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The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's desirable or successful behaviors - Seeing our talents and moral behaviors as unique
Ex: those who drink heavily but use seat belts underestimate the commonality of seat belt use. - Self-Handicapping
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Protecting one's self image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure
Ex: "I was out too late the night before" when you know you have a test. - Self-Presentation
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The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals
Ex: Being more self-conscious in new situations and more modest. - Self-Monitoring
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Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression
Ex: "I tend to be what people expect me to be"