sociology final exam
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- reformist movements
- attempt to bring about new social change within an existing economic and political system. civil rights movements
- revolutionary movements
- seek to fundamentall alter the existing social, political, and or economic system and bring about an entirely new social order replacing a democracy with facism
- countermovements or reactionary movements
- attempt to resist or reverse social change, or to restore an earlier social system of norms, values, and social arrangements, countermovements form in reaction to social changes KKK
- separatist movements
- instead of seeking to change society through reforming it revolutionizing it or reacting to it, separatist movements encourage people to withdraw from participation in the dominant society by creating their own communities Amish, Shakers, Mennonites
- social movements
- organized collective human action aimed at producing or preventing change in society
- social institutions
- highly organized systems of norms, social positions, and social roles that aim to provide structure and order to society
- formal social control
- official, authoritative responses to deviance meant to convey collective or institutional standards of acceptable and unacceptable conduct
- social control agents
- people authorized to administer the social control function of institutions. they respond to deviance to maximize compliance with institutional norms
- why do people comply with social norms when they have not internalized the legitimacy of normative expectations through socialization
- social control and social influence
- kinds of social power
- rewards, threats, persuasive communication, referent power, legitimate authority, expert authority, charasmatic authority
- persuasive communication
- when we are influenced by info, arguments, or emotional appeals provided by others
- referent power
- when we are influenced by our desire to be accepted by members of valued social groups (peer influence)
- legitimate authority
- when we accept the authority of another person as a right associated with that social role- the authority figure can exert some kind of power over us vial their social position
- expert authority
- when we think or act in a certain way because we assume others are experts
- charasmatic authority
- when we are influenced by others' personal qualtities (charisma, charm, personality...)
- four essential elements involved in movement formation
- growth a preexisting communications network cooptable to the ideas of the new movement series of crises that galvanize into action people involved in a cooptable network subsequent organizing effort to weld the spontaneous group together into a movement
- ideology
- set of human values and interests that become the official view of reality beacuse a group of people have the power to define reality
- DSM
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illness
- Madwives: Schizophrenic Women in the 1950s
- suggest that the soceity was the source of the trouble for mass numbers of women who were institutionalized in mental institutionalized by their husbands. argues that many of these women did go mad and were suffering but that they were treated as if the origin of the problem was them rather the the new cultural requirements of wives
- history of homosexuality
- coined in europe as a medical pathology in the late 1800s and was considered a mental disorder from the 1st printing of the DSM. declassified by the American Psychiatric Association
- questions raised from being sane in insane places
- distinguish btwn mental illnes and health? identify sources of suffering? treat the problem? (source may be society) power of mental health experts to assign stigmatizing labels?
- female hysteria
- common medical diagnosis for women. common in nuns, virgins, widows, and sometimes married women. cure was pelvic massage
- social control function
- when people havent internalized the norms through socialization they need an external inducement to follow them. social control is one way that social institutions get people to comply with its norms
- compulsory education laws
- required children to attend school until the age of 16 or completion of the eight grade
- bureaucracy
- smaller schools have evolved into education factories: larger class sizes, passivity among students, standardized measures of achievement
- why is grade inflation happening?
- substantial degree of grade inflation due to institutionalized pressure to retain students, competitiveness of colleges, professors are encouraged to produce more research and achieve high numbers on their evals, ability to withdraw from courses to elevate GPAs
- grade inflation
- awarding of higher and higher grades for average work
- private schools tend to have (compared to public schools)
- smaller classes, greater discipline, more demanding course work
- tracking
- practice of assigning students to different types of education programs
- type 2 error
- physicians are more inclined to call a healthy person sick (false positive type 2) than a sick person healthy (false negative type 1) more dangerous to misdiagnose illness than health, err on the side of caution
- sex
- physical differences BIOLOGICAL
- gender
- role expectations SOCIAL
- social constructionism concerning sanity
- sane and insane definitions change over time mental illness is socially constructed, we define it classify and declassify it
- savage inequalities
- perpetuate and increase class differences
- invisible work
- workd done in home or for family members typically done by women and typically unpaid but noticed when it is not done
- kin
- ways in which you maintain ties with friends and family (sending bday cards)
- consumer
- securing goods and services for the family
- transportation
- transporting children to appointments
- agency
- ability to act regardless of social pressures
- steps in any nonviolent campaign
- collection of facts: where injustice exists negotiation self purification (workshops on nonviolence) direct action
- why direct action
- creates crisis/enough tension for the issue to be confronted, dramatize issue so it cant be ignored, open doors to negotiation, no gain has been made w/o pressure
- can you distinguish between sanity and insanity?
- NO!!!!
- messages about social construction of reality
- people have power to create labels that profoundly affect others (human constructions), society's problem, don't let society define you
- cooptable
- must be composed of like minded people whose backgrounds, experiences, or location in the social structure make them receptive to the ideas of a specific new movement
- origins of civil rights movement
- Rosa Parks created montgomery bus boycott and montgomery improvement association A & T college students at the lunch counter nonviolent coordinating commitee
- reality of social organizations
- organizations are less likely to create social movements than be created by them
- 2 networks of women's movement
- older brach: began 1st, older side of the generation gap, NOW, traditional democratic procedure younger ranch: small groups engaged in a variety of activities whose contact was weak
- presidential and state commission activity laid the groundwork for the future women's movement in 2 ways
- unearthed evidence of women's unwqual status and in the process conicned many perviously uninterested women that something should be done created a climate of expectations that something would be done
- two significant events of the women's movement
- friedan's the feminine mystique: stimulated women to question the status quo addition of sex to the 1964 civil rights act:
- how did the women's liberation illustrate the importance of a network?
- the conditions for a movement existed before a network came into being, but the movement didn't exist until afterward
- origins of depersonalizations
- attitudes held be us towards the ill lead to avoidance hierarchical structure of the hospital facilitates it reliance on medicine patient contact isnt a priority
- gender identity disorder
- strong and persistent cross gender identification (not merrely a desire for any percieved cultural advantages of being the other sex discomfor with their sex or sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex distrubance is not concurrent with a physical intersex condition disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social or other important areas of functioning
- disturbance of gender identity disorder is manifested by...
- stated desire to be the other sex preference for cross dressing or simulating the other sex's attire preferences for cross sex roles in make believe fantasies of being the other sex desire to participate in the stereotypical pastimes of the other sex preference for playmates of the other sex
- act 60
- a law that distributes tax money for primary and secondary public education equally across the state