Anthropology 101
Terms
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- Know the stages of human growth
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Prenatal
Postnatal
Adult - Prenatal
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-1st Trimester- Mitosis
2nd month- 1inch long, looks human
Most susceptible to disease/disruption (alcohol damage etc)
-2nd Trimester- continued growth
-3rd Trimester- Weight growth and development rapid (lung development, reaction etc)
-Ends at birth
- Adult
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-Reproductive:
Produce gametes, sperm, eggs, bear children
(may be overlapping with adolescents)
-Senescence:
When you start to get old...
No longer reproductive (menopause)
Harder to maintain homeostasis
Bones start to deteriorate (osteoperosis)
Unique to humans: grandmothering: idea of a grandparent generation helping offspring to take care of THEIR offspring
- Know the major changes in human evolution
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-Bipedalism,
-Greatly increased brain size
-Reduced incisors, reduced canines and thin enamel caps on molars
-Toll manufacturing and use
- Know characteristics of bipedalism
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All have to do with balancing and supporting the body by centralizing the skull.
-Centrally located foramen magnum
--- Cranium magnum connects to the skull from behind and connects up and down
in humans.
-S-Curve in spine
-Bowl shaped pelvis
-longer and more narrow
-Central angled femur
-Robust heel
- Understand how fossils are created
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-Fossilization- Preserving an organism so it becomes a fossil
-needs specific conditions or fossil will disintegrate.
-2 types of fossils:
Body: the bones
and Trace: Gives you the idea of the behavior of fossil like a tool or a foot print.
-Hard tissue like bones, soft tissue never survives.
-Needs to be buried by a sentiment like rock, tar, ice, amber
-Rapid burial crucial; minerals and pressure
- Sahelanthropus tchadensis
- had distinct characteristics not seen until later in human evolution with the genus Homo (chimp/human split)
- Ororin tugenensis
- only long bones and teeth recovered
- Ardipithecus
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early evolution of bipedalism and cooperation,
challenged idea of how early these things developed in human evolution (no real competition) -
What is the difference between n Australopithecus and Paranthropus
Australopithecus -
More gracile
⬢Less Prognathic
⬢Smaller teeth
⬢No sagittal crest
-Possible ancestor of genus Homo
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Know the difference between
Australopithecus and Paranthropus
Paranthropus
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⬢More robust
⬢Prognathism
⬢Large cheek teeth
⬢Sagittal crest
-Evolutionary dead end
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Know the specific discoveries and who they are related to
there are 3 Australopithecus afarensis fossils to know -
-Laetoli footprints= side by side foot prints (discovered by Leaky)
-Lucy= most complete skeleton, 40%. (discovered by Donald Johansen)
-First Family= 200 fragments found in one location. 5 adults, 2 children. Something came and killed them off next to a river basin. First time we see early hominids living together
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Know the specific discoveries and who they are related to
Taung Child - A. africanus (discovered by Raymond Dart)
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Know the specific discoveries and who they are related to
Black Skull - P. aethiopicus
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Know the specific discoveries and who they are related to
Turkana Boy - H. ergaster
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Know the specific discoveries and who they are related to
Java Man
Peking Man
Demanisi -
Homo erectus
Java Man=one of the 1st found
Peking Man= large brain size
Demanisi= oldest hominid outside of Africa, found in Georgia
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Know the specific discoveries and who they are related to
Bodo -
H. heidelbergensis
cannibalism?
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Know the specific discoveries and who they are related to
La Chapelle-aux-Saints -
Homo neanderthalensis
deliberate burial -
Know the specific discoveries and who they are related to
The Hobbit -
Homo floresiensis
only other homo to survive past 20,000 years -
Know the specific discoveries and who they are related to
Cro-magnon Man - Homo Sapiens
- Australopithecus sediba
- new missing link between Australopithecus and Homo
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Know who used what tool/tools
Homo habilis -
first tool user.
Used: Oldowan tools -
Know who used what tool/tools
Homo erectus - Acheulian Tools
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Know who used what tool/tools
Homo neanderthalensis - Mousterian tools
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Know who used what tool/tools
Sapiens - Atlatl and Magdalenian
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Know who used what tool/tools
Heidelberg - Lavaloysterian
- Know the features specific to Homo erectus
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-Sagittal Keel
-Brow Ridge
-Post orbital constriction
-Big cranial wall
-Long and low skull
-Super orbital sultice
- Homo erectus
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first to leave Africa
(Damanisi skull in Georgia First in Europe) - Know why fire was so important to early Homo erectus
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-Warmth
-Safety at night
-Dry hides & meat
-Soften food
-Remove toxins
- Homo heidelbergensis
- deliberate hominid bone processing by hominids (cannibalism?)
- Know the difference between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens
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Neadertahl had larger brain but sapiens have bigger frontal lobe
High and wide parietal: sapiens
More Gracile: sapiens
Brow ridge: Neanderthal
- Know the adaptations neanderthal had to the cold (both physical and cultural)
- Larger Sinuses, larger nose, short and stalky stature (and CLOTHES!)
- Understand island dwarfism
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-Erectus got onto the island and the limited resources forced him to reduce body size
- Know Homo sapiens dispersal
- Started in Africa moved to Middle East then into Asia (possibly into Australia) back track to Europe and somehow cross land bridge into North America.
- Know Homo sapiens culture
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-Magdalenian Tools
-Blade technology
-Atlatl
-Cave Art: Depicted hunting
-sculptures
-Engraving
-Manufactured shelters
- Neanderthal Culture
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-Purposely burying dead
-Flower art
-Arthritus
-CLOTHES!
- the three theories of human evolution
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african replacement model
assimilation model
multiregional model - african replacement model
- homo sapiens evolved in africa. Spread out into whole world and either deliberately killed of or out competed Neanderthals and were only member of the genus homo remaining. There wouldn’t of been no interbreeding.
- assimilation model
- Modern humans evolved in Africa. Spread out into old world, but instead of killing off or outcompeting, they breed with Neanderthal and incoperate the genetics with new human. People still have Neanderthal DNA still in them.
- multiregional model
- Says that you have heider in africa and neandethal in asia and europe spread and mated and product is homo sapiens. Erectus was prob in africa and erectus was the ancester to neanderthal and herider. All related to erectus.
- Know the goals of forensic anthropology
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-Provide a positive identification
-Determine cause of death
-Provide accurate physical evidence to be used by legal authorities
-Reliable witness
- Understand/be able to explain variation or analysis performed in a forensic investigation
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Techniques:
-pelvis size- determines sex
-mastoid process-sex determination'
-clothes- cultural
-modifications- identity
-long bones- height and stature
-racial ancestry determines how thick facial tissue is.