BS 110 2
Terms
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- The persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of info
- memory
- deals w/ info about space, time, frequency, and other fundamental factors of existence; takes very little or no effort
- automatic processing
- immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.” This is a very brief thought, something that your mind is planning to remember.
- sensory memory
- conscious memory, which can hold about seven items for a short time; also called working memory.” Remember the 7 + or – 2 rule. You can remember between 5-9 items well. Generally lasts minutes.
- short term memory
- is the relatively permanent and unlimited capacity memory system into which information from short-term memory may pass.”
- long term memory
- Anything else takes some conscious effort or practice to remember
- effortful processing
- By distributing the study time, information can be retained longer and with more accuracy than by cramming
- spacing effect
- the finding that people often remember the first and last items in a list better than they do middle items.”
- serial position effect
- At certain synapses the neural transmissions are more efficient
- long term potentiation
- memory of skills, preferences, and dispositions; nondeclarative
- implicit memory
- memory of facts and experiences that are consciously known
- explicit memory
- area in brain for explicit memories
- hippocampus
- area in brain for implicit memories
- cerebellum
- the ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness.”
- recall
- a measure of memory in which one need only identify previously learned information.”
- recognition
- measures the amount of time saved when previously learned information is learned for a second time.”
- relearning
- mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people
- concepts
- methodical and logical rules for solving problems; they are often laborious and inefficient.”
- algorithms
- based on rules of thumb
- heuristics
- an obstacle to problem solving in which people search for information that confirms their preconceptions
- confirmation bias
- an inability to approach a familiar problem in a new way
- fixation
- whereby a person is unable to perceive unusual functions for familiar objects.
- functional fixedness
- the tendency to judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent particular prototypes
- representativeness heuristic
- we base our judgments on how readily information comes to mind.” For example: the more often you see something, the more likely you think it will occur.
- availability heuristic
- how people state information. Referring to something from its positive side as opposed to its negative side can have a significant impact on interpretation
- framing
- We more easily see the illogic of conclusions that run counter to our beliefs than of those that agree with our beliefs.” The tendency to let beliefs interfere with logic
- belief bias
- our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.”
- belief perseverance
- study of the social influences that can impact how a person acts in different situations
- social psychology
- when our thoughts and behaviors don’t coincide, we experience tension. To relieve this tension, we bring our attitudes into line with our actions.”
- cognitive dissonance
- conformation in order to obtain approval
- normative social influence
- conformation in order to gain information
- informational social influence
- people perform better on simple tasks when people around them are doing the same thing, but poorly on more complex tasks in the same situation
- social facilitation
- People feel more anonymous as part of the group and lack the individual accountability that is usual present, thus inhibiting performance
- social loafing
- when individuals feel aroused, anonymous, and less self-conscious. Could be represented in the behavior of a mob.
- deindividualization
- the tendency for thoughts, ideas, and attitudes to become prevalent when around similar members of a group.
- group polarization
- unrealistic group decision making; desire for unanimity outweighs the risks
- groupthink
- Their expectations may cause them to act in ways that trigger the expected results
- self-fulfilling prophecies
- a stoic minority has the potential to change the mindset of the majority, even though outnumbered.
- minority influence