SS Chapter 6
Terms
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- according to the legend, who was rome founded by?
- romulus and remus
- what 3 groups inhabited the region from 1000 to 500 bc
- latins greeks and etruscans
- who were the first romans
- latins
- what was their job
- farmers and shepherds
- how did the greeks come to roe?
- settlers established colonies and taught romans to grow grapes and olives
- where were etruscans native to?
- northern italy
- what were their accomplishments for rome?
-
skilled metalworkers and enginers
had writing and architechture-adopted by romans - what did the romans get from the greeks
- took their gods and gave them different names
- what did romans take from etuscansq
- rituals they believed helped them win favor of the gods
- who became king around 600 bc
- an etruscan
- who was the last king of rome?
- Tarquin the Proud
- what kind of ruler was he?
- tyrant
- what happened to him?
- driven from power by aristrocrats
- what kind of gov't did the romans establish?
- republic
- republic
- form of gov't in which power rests w. citizens who have the right to vote to select their leaders
- mr. scotts thing for republic
- gov't w/o hereditary leaders
- what does the latin phrase where repubilic came from mean?
- public affairs
- who was allowed to vote in the roman republic?
- free-born male citizens
- what 2 groups struggled for power in early republic
- patricians and plebeians
- patricians
-
aristocratic landowners who geld most of the power
inherited their power and social status - plebians
- common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population
- could plebians vote?
- yes but they were usualy barred by law from holding important gov't possitions
- what did senate allow the plebians to do?
- form their own assembly and elect representatives
- tribunes
- representatives elected by plebians when teh senate allowed them to elect representatives and form their own assembly
- what did tribunes do for plebians
- protected the rights of the plebians from unfair acts of patrician officials
- twelve tables
-
written laws of rome
-established the idea that all free citizens, patricians, and plebeians had a right to the protection of the law - part of gov't like monarchy
- consuls
- consuls
-
two officials in Rome in place of a king
-commanded army and directed gov't
-had a one-year term and could not be elected again for 10 yrs
-one consul alwayts could overrule the other's decision - aritocratic part of roman gov't
- senate
- senate
-
had legislative and administrative functions
300 members from upper class - democratic part
- assemblies
- assemblies
- all citizen soldiers were members of centuriate assembly
- tribal assembly
-
organized by pleveians
elected tribuness and made laws for republic - what did the republic do in times of crisis
- appoint a dictator
- dictator
- leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army
- how did this dictatorship work?
-
power only lasted for 6 months
were chosen by consuls and then elected by the senate - who was required to serve in the army
- all citizens who owned land
- legion
- large military units that roman soldiers were organized into
- centuries
- smaller groups which legions were divided up into
- how was italian peninsula divided up?
- rome had different laws and treatment for different parts
- who did rome fight w/ for control over mediterranean
- carthage
- Punic Wars
- war with carthage
- first punic war
- for control of sicily and western mediterranean
- who won?
- caesar
- second punic war
- hannibal warnted to avenage first defeat
- hannibal
- carthaginian general second punic war
- where was his greatest victory?
- cannae
- scipio
-
roman general-military leader to match hannibals boldness
-deviced plan to attack carthage - who won 2nd punic war?
- rome-defeated carthage
- third punic war
-
romans were angered by carthage's return to prospertity and rememberd devestation it caused italy
-set city on fire and sold inhabitants to slavery - what did rome get for winning the punic wars?
- mediterranean, macedonia, greece, and parts of anatolia
- in the early roman republic, this was someone whose power was absolute but whose time in office was limited to a six-month period
- dictator
- this is one of the two officials who shared the powers of ruling the republic and whose time in office was limited to one year
- consul
- these are the people who first settled the land on the bend of the tiber river that was to become rome
- latins
- these people gave the romans their alphaet and their knowledge or architechture, including the arch
- etruscans
- these were the wealthy, artistocratic landowners who geld most of the power in the early republic
- patricians
- this person led a force of more than 50,000 soldiers and 60 elephants across the alps to invade italy
- hannibal
- the romans based their gods on the gods of these people
- freeks
- this was a military division of the roman army
- legion
- this was someone eleected to represent the lower class of roman citizens
- tribune
- this was someone chosen to represent the upper class of roman citizens
- senator
- this person was a daring roman general during the second punic war
- scipio
- latifundia
- huge estates where rich landowners lived
- what was the problem for returning soldiers after punic war?
- they became homeless and jobless
- what platned seeds for republics collapse
- class tensions
- what did brothers tibenus andgavs do to help romes poor?
- -limited size of estates and gave land for poor
- what followed their deaths?
- period of civil war
- how did generals get people to fight?
- promised poor land
- why was this a problem
- they replaced soldiers whose loyalty had been to the republic and not to generals
- julius caesar
-
brought order to rome
dominated as triumvirate
was appointed dictator for life
governed as absolute ruler and made reforms
was assasinated by a number of important senators - julius' reforms
-
granted citizenship to many
expanded senate
created jobs for poor
started colonies where landless could own land
increased pay for soldiers - triumvirate
- a group of 3 rulers
- what was the first triumvirate that ruled rome for 10 yrs?
- caesar, crassus, and pompey
- what happened after casears death?
- civil war broke out and destroyed republic
- how did the second trumvirate end?
- in jealousy and violence
- who was in it?
- marc anthony, octavian, and lepidus
- octavian/augustus
- restored some of the republic when he deffeated anthony
- pax romana
-
period of peace and prosperity
peace reigned for 207 years - where did the pax romana start and end?
-
start=augustus' reign
end=marcus aurelius' reign - what was the most important industry?
- agriculutre
- how did augustus glorify rome?
-
w/ buildings
set up civil service - who was the last of the 5 gooood emperors?
- marcusaurelius
- five goos wmpweoea
- temporarily solved succession problem
- whos death marked the beginning of the empires decline and the end of the pax romana
- marcus aurelius
- what was the heart of the roman society?
- family
- who ruled the household
- eldest man
- how were roman women treated?
-
ran household-given respect
almost social equal of a man
could own property and testify in court
ould not vote - age of adult?
- 16
- slaves
- imporatnt ot economy
- gladiators
- professional fighters who fought to death in public contests
- what were roman gods like?
- had humanlike forms and individual personalities
- after serving consul for a year, this person led his troops in conquering gaul.
- julius caesar
- his great popularity was a source of concern to ___, who managed to have him ordered back to rome
- pompey
- the armies of what two general foguth in varius parts of the world for power?
- pompey and casar
- octavian defeated the comvbined armies of
- marc antony and cleopatra
- Herod
- Roman Jer reuler who angered many jews
- what did the jeews do?
- they revolted but rome finally took control of jewish kingdom and made it the province of judea
- sanhedrin
- romans gave control of religious matter and local affairs to this jewish court
- Zealots
- wanted to rid their homeland of romans
- what did another group believe?
- that messiah, savior would come and restore kingdom of jews
- what jewish ideas did jesus teach?
- 1. monotheism 2. ten commandments 3. important of relationshp with god 4. eternal kingdom after death
- 12 special disciples
- jesus' pupils
- gospels
- first 4 books of the new testament
- apostles
- jesus' disciples who are thought to have written some of teh gospels
- jesus' death
-
grew popular
priests said teachings were contempt of god
roman governor arrested jesus and sentenced him to be crucified - peter
-
first aposotle
spread teachings of jjesus
first pope=first bishop of Rome - paul
-
an apostle who had an emormous influence of christianity's development
at first was an enemy of christianity
reportedly had a vision of christ
spent the rest of his life spreading and interpreting chrsts teachings - Epistles
- influential letters to groups of believers
- what happenened next?
- band of zealots rebelled against rome
- what happened in ad 70
- romans destroy temple in jerusalem and jews revbel
- diaspora
-
the dispersal of jews from their homeland
were driven from their gomeland into exile - what did romans do to christains?
- christians were exiled, imprisoned, or executed
- martyrs
- people willing to sacrifice their lives for the sake of a belief or sause
- why did christianity grow?
-
1. embraced all people
2. gave hope to powerless
3. appealed to those who were repelled by extravagances of imperial rome
4. offered personal relationship w/ loving god
5. promised eternal life after death - early christian church
- priests led small groups of christians
- bishop
-
a priest that supervised several local churches
eventually, every major city had its own bishop - first bishop
- peter
- pope
- father of christian church
- Constantine
-
roman emperor who fought 3 rivals for his title
-was victorious in battle and gave credit to christian god
annnounced end of prosecution of christians
declared chistianity religion approved by empire - heresy
- belief that appeared to contradict basic teachings
- new testament
-
contained 4 gospels, epistles of paul, others
official standard belief - nicene creed
- written by constantine-defined basic beliefs of church
- Fathers of church
- several early writers and scholars
- ex. of father
- augustine
- augustine
- wrote famous book THE CITY OF GOD when rome was plundered
- the bisop of ___ was considered the pope
- rome
- what made the economy decline?
-
1. frequent wars=costly
2. outside people disrupted trade
3. no expansion=nno new metal
4. inflation
5. farlmand overworked and destroyed by warfare-food shortages - mercenaries
-
foreign soldiers who fought for $ -less $ than romans
felt no loyalty - how was military affected
-
germanic tribes overwhelmed roman legions
perians captured emperor valerian - how were politics affected?
-
citizens lost patriotism
local officials usually lost money in office - 284 new emperor
- Diocletian
- diocletian
-
doubled size of army
absolute ruler
severly limited personal freedoms
drafted prisoners of war
attempted to control inflation
passed decrees to persecute christians
divided empire - empire divisions
-
1. Greek-speaking east
greece, anatolia, syria, egypt
2. latin-speaking west
italy, gaul, britannia, spain - general maximian
- co-ruler of diocletian who controlled west while D controlled east
- which half was wwealthier and why?
- east-had ciities and trade center
- who gained control of the western empire?
- constantine
- inflation
- drastic drop in value of money coupled with a rise in prices
- constantinople
- new name of the city of byzantium, the new capital of rome--2nd capital
- why decline of western roman empire
- internal problems, separation from wealthier east, and invasion
- who drove the last roman emperor from throne
- germans
- huns
-
mongol nomads from central asia
invaded-forced other groups in roman empire - visigoths
- put rome under siege
- alaric
- king of visigoths
- altila
-
chieftan who united huns and terrorized empire
negotiated a withdrawal w/ pope leo I bc they were weakened - last roman emperor
- Romulus Augustulus-sent into exile by german general
- eastern half name
- byzantine empire
- what happened to eastern half?
- flourished-preserved greek and roman culture but fell to ottoman turks in 1453
- what did romans get from greeks
- art, architechture, literacture and philosophy
- who conqquered who
- romans conquered greeeks and learned greek langauge
- Greco-roman culture
-
mix of greek, hellenistic, and roman culture
also called calssical civilzation - what art did romans learn from greeks
- sculpture
- when was the greatst artisitc achievement
- during reign of augustus
- bas-relief
- images project from flat background
- mosaics
- romans skilled in mosaics-pictures of designs made by setting small pieces of stone, glass, or tile onto a surface
- frescoes
- large bright mural owned by most wealthy romans
- mural
- painting directly on wall
- pompeii
-
town where best ex. of roman painting are found
volano (mt. vesuvius) erupted and preserved art there - stoicism
- philosophy of greek teacher zeno
- virgil
- poet who spent 10 years writing most famous work of latin literature, THE ANEID, epic of legendary aeneas
- who did he model it afeter
- greek epics of homer
- ovid
- wrote light witty poetry for enjoyment and history
- livy
- wrote muth of rome-more than true history
- tacitus
- roman historian who presented the facts accurately and wrote ANNALS and HISTORIES, the good and bad of imperial rome
- official language of rome and roman catholic church
- latin
- romance languages
- commance roman heritage, developed by latin
- examples
- french, spanish, portuguese, italian, and romanian
- architecture
- arch, dome, concrete
- aqueducts
- designed by roman enineers to bring water into cities and towns
- law system
-
believed laws should be equl and far to all
stadards of justice influenced by teachings of stoic - imporatnt principles in roman law
-
1. all people have equal ttreatment under law
2. people are not innocent until proven guilt
3. proof rests w/ accuser rather than accused
4. person puunished for action, not thoughts
5. unreasonable or unfair law could be set aside