Anatomy Chapter 17
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- The circulatory system is broken down into two systems, what are they?
- Circulatory and lymphatic systems.
- What is the primary purpose of each the circulatory system and the lymphatic system?
-
Circulatory- oxygenate and nutrify the blood and circulate it out to peripheral tissue.
Lymphatic- fight diseases - What kind of tissue is blood?
- Connective tissue
- How much blood is found in the human body?
- 5 Liters (like a mustang)
- Why is blood considered connective tissue?
- because it originates from the mesenchyme embryonic tissue.
- what percentage of a person's body is made up of BLOOD?
- 8%
- Arteries carry ________ blood _______ from the heart. Whereas veins, carry _________ blood __________ the heart.
-
oxygenated; away
deoxygenated; toward - Which are the only arteries and veins that do not adhere that rule?
-
Pulmonary arteries and veins.
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs (away from the heart). Wheras, pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood toward the heart. - Thus what is the role to determine whether something is an artery or a vein?
- If it travels away from the heart regardless of what is inside, it is an artery. If it travels toward the heart regardless of what is inside, it is a vein.
- Is blood thicker than water?
-
Yes blood has a viscocity of 4.5 to 5.5. wheras water has a viscocity of 1.
Blood is about 5 times thicker. - Blood is a mixture of what two components?
- Formed elements and Plasma.
- What are formed elements? what do they include?
-
formed elements are blood cells. Cells that are found in the liquid blood.
They include erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC) and platlets. - platelets can also be called ____________ their function is to ____________________.
- thrombocytes; stop bleeding.
- How many RBC are their in one cm3 or 1 mL?
- over 5 million RBC in a mL making it THE MOST ABUNDANT of the formed elements.
- What is the plasma?
- plasma is straw-colored mostly water (90%) portion of the blood.
- If plasma is 90% water what else is found in the plasma?
- Sugars, amino acids, proteins, lipids, wastes (urea), oxygen, CO2, ions (Na+ , Cl-)
- What is the hematocrit?
- The portion of blood that consists of erytrhrocytes.
-
what portion of whole blood do each of the following make up?
-plamsma
-buffy coat (lueks + plates)
-hematocrit (RBC) -
plasma= 55%
Buffy coat = < 1%
hematocrit = 45% - As we had previously said plasma is mostly water but contains some PROTEINS. What are the 3 classes od proteins in blood plasma?
-
Albumin
Globlins
Fibrinogen - What is the function of the plasma protein albumin?
- Albumins are blood's thickening agent. As a result they help maintain blood pressure and prevent leaks.
- Still, albumins leak out of the circulatory system, what is then done with them?
- they are taken up by the lymphatic system and recycled to the circulatory system.
- What are the three classes of the plasma protein GLOBULINS?
-
Alpha
Betta
Gamma - What is the purpose of both ALPHA and BETTA Globulins in the blood plasma?
- To transport fats through the blood.
- What is the purpose of Gamma Globulins in the blood plasma?
- These are ANTIBODIES. they help us fight disease (antigens).
- The third class of plama protein is fibrinogen which functions to...
- work with platlets and help clot blood.
- What is the purpose of RBC
- To transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues in the body.
- What is the shape of RBC? and why is it that way?
- Biconcave disk- allows for effective oxygen absorption.
- RBC shape allows for more oxygen absorption because it...
- has a maximized surface area.
- What are two unique facts about RBC?
- they contain NO nucleus or mitochondria. Therefore they cannot reproduce.
- How long do RBC live?
- With respect to other cells, RBC live long (100-120 days)
- Where are new RBC made?
- the red bone marrow where they expel their nucleus and organelles before entering the blood stream.
- What are the only "formed elements" that are TRULY CELLS (have nucleus, mitochondria and reproduce)?
- LEUKOCYTES
- What is the function of leukocytes? how do they achieve their function?
- To destroy foreign invaders. To acheive this leukocytes engage in AMEOBOID MOVEMENT out of the blood vessel.
- Leukocytes are barely visible even with a microscope. How do we see them and therefore classify them.
-
Staining.
Some stain with visible granules (GRANULOCYTES) while some dont (AGRANULOCYTES) - How many categories of leukocytes are there? How many are granular vs. Agranular?
- 5 classes; 3 granular and 3 agranular.
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LEUKOCYTES- NEUTROPHILS
-Granular/agranular
-staining (color)
- lifetime
- phagocytic/ non-phagocytic -
granular
NON STAINING
SHORT (6 hours)
phagocytic -
LEUKOCYTES- EOSINOPHILLS
-Granular/agranular
-staining (color)
- lifetime
- phagocytic/ non-phagocytic -
Granular
Pink
short (8-12 days)
phagocytic -
LEUKOCYTES- BASOPHILS
-Granular/agranular
-staining (color)
- lifetime
- phagocytic/ non-phagocytic -
Granular
Blue
Short (hours to days)
Phagocytic - What are the two classes of agranulocyte leukocytes called?
- LYMPHOCYTES and monocytes
- What are the two lymphocytes?
- T cells and B cells
-
LEUKOCYTES- LYMPHOCYTES
-Granular/agranular
- lifetime
- phagocytic/ non-phagocytic -
Agranular
Long lifetime (days to years)
non-phagocytic - what is the characteristic shape of lymphocytes?
- large nuclei with thin layer of cytoplasm.
- What is the purpose of T cells where do they differentiate from?
- T cells are also called killer t cells because they actively fight infections
- What is the function of B-cells? where do they differentiate?
-
B cells produce antibodies and label antigens as invaders and signal for T cells to attack them.
They differentiate in the bone marrow rather than the thymus. - Why is it important to get sleep?
- T cells are the best protector of cancer. And studies show sleepless night causes 30% reduction in T cells.
-
leukocytes- monocytes
-Granular/agranular
- lifetime
- phagocytic/ non-phagocytic
-size -
agranular
live months (LONG)
non-phagocytic
LARGEST CELLS IN THE BODY! -
Platelets/ Thrombocytes
-involved in
- size with respect to formed elements
-True cells?
- Movement
- life span -
Clot formation
smallest of all formed elements
NO; only fragments of true cells (megakaryocyte fragments)
Ameoboid movement
Short (5-10 days) -
What is a thrombus?
What is an embolus? -
Thrombus- a clot in a blood vessel
Embolus- a moving thrombus. - What is hemopoiesis?
- the process of forming blood cells whether it be RBC or leukocytes.
- The making of RBC is called...
- Erythropoiesis
- the making of leukocytes is called
- leukopoiesis
- What is so unique about blood stem cells?
- They are undifferentiated and can become any blood cells that are required.
- Site of hemopoiesis- Red marrow
- the red marrow ACTIVELY generates blood cells in the epiphysis of bones.
- Site of hemopoeisis- yellow marrow
- the yellow marrow can produce formed elements in emergency situation. These cells would be created in the DIAPHYSIS.