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Chapter 5-Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy

Terms

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A newborn
Neonate
Brain structure at top of spinal cord, involved mainly in functions essential for physiological survival
Brain stem
Outer covering of the cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Hair-like tendrils found on a neuron's cell body and whose function is to receive neural impulses
Dendrites
A gap that must be bridged if neural transmission is to occur
Synaptic Cleft
Fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses
Myelin
Unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
Reflexes
Expressions used to describe the young infant's spontaneous, regularly recurring body movements
Cyclic movements
The stimulation of the sense organs
Sensation
The sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain
Perception
The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
Habituation
The initial response of humans and other animals to novel stimulation
Orienting response
Piaget's expression for a child's understanding that the world is composed of objects that continue to exist quite apart from the child's immediate perception of them
Object concept
Children's knowledge and beliefs about their mental world
Theory of mind
Changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
Accommodation
The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking
Assimilation
A systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols that provides a basis for communication
Language
The simplest unit of language, consisting of a single sound such as a vowel
Phoneme
A neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language
Language-acquisition device (LAD)
Speech in which words not critical to the message are left out
Telegraphic speech

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