Mrs. Maynard's AP Psychology Class - Psychologists and their Contributions
Practice Vocab Quizes for the AP Psychology Exam. Mrs. Maynard's AP Psychology class
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- Clark Hull-Drive Theory
- it maintains that the goal of all motivated behavior is the reduction or alleviation of a drive state. It is the mechanism through which reinforcement operates
- Carl Jung
- People had conscious and unconscious awareness, two layers of unconscious archetypes: personal of collective
- Howard Gardner
- Theory of multiple intelligences
- Stanley Milgram
- Conducted a study on obedience when he had a subject shock a patient to the extent that they would be seriously injuring the patient
- William Wundt
- Introspection-psychology become the scientific study of conscious experience (rather than science)
- Erik Erikson
- People evolve through 8 stages over their life span. Each stage marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting, "Who am I?"
- E.L. Thorndike
- Law of effect: (the relationship between behavior and its consequences) the principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely. Behavior followed by less likely consequences beomes less likely
- Philip Zimbardo
- Conducted the famour Stanford Prison experiment. It was conducted to study the power of social roles to influence people's behavior. It proved people's behavior depends to a large extent on the roles that are asked to play
- Phineas Gage
- First person to have frontal lobotomy. Gave psychology information of part of the brain that is involved with emotions, reasoning, etc.
- Carl Rogers
- Humanistic psychology: the theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth
- Frances Galton
- Maintained that personality and ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance
- Harry Harlow
- Studied theory of attachment in infant Rhesus monkeys
- Benjamin Whorf
- His hypothesis is that language determinges the way we think
- Jean Piaget
- Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation
- Young-Helmholz-Trichromatic theory of color vision
- Said 3 types of color receptor are in the eye
- William Sheldon
- The theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that bother are governed by genetic endowments. Endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), and ectomorphic (skinny).
- S. Schacter
- To experience emotions one must 1. be physically aroused and 2. cognitively label arousal (know the emotion before you experience it)
- Noam Chomsky
- Disagreed with Skinner and said there are an infinie number of sentences in a language. He said that humans have an inborn native ability to develop language.
- David Rosenhan
- He with a number of people from different wlks of life conducted a hospital experiment to test the diagnosis of hospitals make on new patients. He also wanted to see the impact on behavior on being a patient. He proved that once you are diagnoses with a disorder, your care would not by very good in a mental hospital setting
- Kurt Lewin
- A German refugee who escaped Nazi oppression. He designed an experiment to investigate the effects of different leadership styles on group functions. He wanted to find out if people were more productive under 3 different styles 1. autocratic, 2. laizssez-faire, and 3. democratic. This is the study when he had children do activities under the 3 conditions. The democratic style proved to be the most productive as was expected
- Hans Eysenck
- Personality is determined to a large extent by genes. He used the terms extroversion and introversion
- Sigmund Freud
- Psychoanalytical theory that focuses on the unconscious Id Ego and Superego
- Henry Murray
- He stated that the need achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances. He devised the TAT- Thematic Apperception Test along with Christiana D. Morgan.
- Carol Gilligan
- She maintained that Kohlber's work was developed only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgements of men and women
- Little Albert
- Watson's study on the generalization of fear, conditioning subject to be afraid
- David Weschler
- He established an intelligence test especially for adults. It became the WAIS, Weschler Intelligence Test for Adults
- Charles Darwin
- Created a theory of evolution, survival of the fittest-origin of the species
- Robert Zajonc
- Had the mere exposure effect which states it is possible to have preference without inferences and to feel without knowing why
- B.F. Skinner
- Operant conditioning: techniques to manipulat the consequences or an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior (aka the Skinner Box)
- Kubler-Ross
- Her theory proposes that the terminally ill pass through a squence of 5 stages: 1. denial, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, and 5. acceptance
- Albert Maslow
- Hierarchy of needs: needs at the lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfies. Once these needs are adequately met, the higher needs occupy the individual's attention
- Mary Cover Jones
- Systemic desensitization
- James Lange Theory
- It asserts hat the perception of emotion is our awareness of our physiological response to emotion arousing stimuli e.g. sight of coming car-pounding heart-fear
- Walter B. Cannon
- He believed that the gastric activity is as empty stomach was the sole basis for hunger. He did an experiment by inserting balloons inthe subject's stomach
- Simon Asch
- Study on conformity. His experiment had a subject unaware of his situation, test to see if he would conform if all the members of the group gave an incorrect answer
- Albert Ellis
- Rational Emotive Therapy: focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions
- Ivan Pavlov
- Classical Conditioning; An unconditional stimulus naturally elicits a reflexive behavior called an unconditional response. But with repeated pairings with a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit the response
- Ernst Weber
- He pioneered the study on just noticeable difference (JND). It became known as Weber's law; the JND between stimuli is a constant fraction of the intensity of the standard stimulus. E.g. the bigger the standard stimulus, the larger increment needed to get a noticeable difference
- Alfred Binet
- General I.Q. tests. A Frenchman who designed a test that would identify slow learners in need of remidial help. It was not that valuable in American as it was too culture bound
- Hubel/Wisel
- Did a study of the activities of neurons in the visual cortex
- H. Ebbinghas
- The first to conduct scientific studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss
- Lawrence Kohlberg
- His theory states there are 3 levels of moral reasoning and each level can be divided into 2 stages. 1. pre-conventional, 2. conventional, and 3. post-conventional. His theory focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior
- John Watson
- Founde of behaviorism- did the study of generalization
- Alfred Adler
- Neo Freudian, believed that childhood social not sexual tensions are crucial for personality formation
- Karen Horney
- Critical of Freud's theories. She said that personality is continually molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts
- H. Rorschach
- He developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot Test. The subject reads the inkblots and projects to the observer aspects of their personality. It uses 10 standardized inkblots
- Paul Ekman
- The theory that facial expressions are universal
- Albert Bandura
- Observational learning: allows you to profit immediately from the mistakes and successes of others. His experiment had adult models punching BoBo dolls and then observed children whom watched this exhibit many of the same behaviors
- Martin Seligman
- Learned helplessness is the giving up reaction, the quitting response that follows from the belief that whatever you do does not matter. The woman in Schindler's List who explains to Schindler that no matter what she does she receives the same punishment
- Charles Spearman
- He found that specific mental talents were highly correlater. He concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled "g," for general ability
- Cannon- Bard Theory
- An emotional-arousing stimulus triggers cognitive body responses simultaneously e.g. arousal and emotion are simultaneous
- Gordon Allport
- Had three levels of traits: 1. Cardinal trait is the dominant trait that characterizes your life, 2. Central trait is one common to all people, and 3. Secondary trait which surfaces in some situations and not in others
- David McClelland
- He devised a way to measure H. Murray's theory "the need to achieve that varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances." He is credited with developing the scoring system for the TAT's use in assessing achievement motivation, not the TAT itself
- Robert Sternberg
- Triarchic theory of intelligence: 1. academic problem-solving intelligence, 2. practical intelligence and 3. creative intelligence
- Lewis Terman
- He revised Binet's I.Q. test and established norms for American children