Child Psychology 2
Terms
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- What is the most critical part of biosocial development?
- Brain Growth
- When are most of the neurons in a newborn created and where are most of them located?
- before birth ; 70 % are located in the areas of the Cortex.
- brain functions that require basic common experiecnces which the infant can expect to have in order to grow, such as some kind of communication, these experiences MUST happen
- Experience Expectant
- brain functions that depend on particular and variable experiences in order to grow, such as communication in the own native language; these experiences MIGHT happen
- Experience Dependent
- what is the MOST acute sense at birth?
- hearing
- what sense is the least developed at birth?
- VISION
- what is the reflex that maintains oxygen supply?
- BREATHING REFLEX
- What are the reflexes that manage feeding in which it causes babies to suck anything that brushes their cheek?
-
the sucking and rooting
relfex - what can the avg infant do by 8-10 months?
- crawl
- what can the avg infant walk w/ assistance?
- 9 months
- when can the avg infant walk unassisted?
- 12 months
- the avgh infant can reach for, grab at, and hold almost any approx. sized object at what age?
- 6 months
- when can the avg infant infant coordinate both hand to enclose a larger object?
- between 11 and 12 months
- a process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by contagious diseases; it is the most important factor in controlling infant mortality rates and population growth
- IMMUNIZATION
- what did the World Health Organization recommend infants be fed with and for how long before other foods were added in?
- breastmilk for 4 to 6 months
- the process of taking new info into the mind by incorporating it into previously developed mental categories; anything infront of them can be grasped
- ASSIMILATION
- the process of taking new info into the mind in such a way as to readjust, refine, or expand previous mental categories; they can only grasp certain things
- ACCOMODATION
- in the sensorimotor STAGE 1. what is the age and what ar ethe cahracteristics?
- reflexes: sucking , grasping, staring, listening
- what are the characterisiticsin STAGE 2?
- 2-4 months: First Aquired Adaptation; the infant sucks froma pacifier differently than from a nipple, grabs the bottle to suck on it
- What are the characterisitcs in STAGE 3?
- 4-8 months: an awareness of things, responds to people and objects
- what are the characterisitcs of STAGE 4?
- New adaptation and anticipation; object permanence
- what are the characteristics of STAGE 5?
- active experimentation; considered "little scientists"
- what are the characteristics of STAGE 6?
- new means through mental combinations
- a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data
- information processing
- an opportunity for perception & interaction that is offered by people, places, and objects of the environment
- affordances
- children around the world follow the same sequence of early language development, but they differ in timing and depth of linguistic ability
- LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
- what is the spoken language of newborns?
- cries, movements, facial expressions
- waht is the spoken language of infants 3-6 months?
- squeals, growls, croons, and vowel sounds
- what is the spoken language of 6-10 month olds?
- babbling, consonant and vowel sounds
- what is the spoken language of 12 month olds?
- first spoken words
- what is the spoken language of an 18 month old?
- vocab spurt- 3 or more words learned per day
- what is responsible for the innate human ability to learn language?
- LANGUAGE AQUISITION DEVICE
- infants communicate in every way they can b/c humans are social beings
- social pragmatic theory
- what is the most obvious emotion in babies?
- cries
- fear of unfamiliar people; begins at 6 months and if full blown by 10 - 14 months
- STRANGER WARINESS
- fear of abandonment when the caregiver goes away even for a few minutes; stongest at 9-14 months
- separation anxiety
- individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation, which is primarily genetic.
- temperament
- laugh or cry hard, or merely smmile or whimper
- intensity of reactions
- react to all sensory stimulation or seem obvious
- threshold of responsiveness
- what is the percent of infants who are "easy", "slow to warm up" and "difficult"?
- 40% are easy, 15% were slow to warm up, and 10% were difficult.
- what percentage of children were unable to be classified?
- 35%
- a smooth, coordinated interaction b/w caregiver & infant, beginning at about 3 months.
- synchrony
- the infant seeks info about an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions
- social referencing
- the mother-child relationship is crutial, with strong consequences if something goes wrong
- psychoanalytic theory
- emotions and personality are modeled as parents reinforce or punish spontaneous behaviors
- behaviorism
- early family experiences are important primarily bc our thoughts, perceptions, and memories make them so in developing concepts of the world
- cognitive theory
- the entire social context can have a major impact on infant-caregiver relationships
- sociocultural theory
- a long lasting, enduring affectional tie that one person ot animal forms bw himmself and another specific person or animal
- Attachment
- hads been used to measure an infants attachment to a caregiver by evoking the childs reactions to somewhat stressful conditions
- strange situation