Psycology Exam 3
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- orienting response
- automatic shift of attention toward a new stimulus
- habituation
- sensory process by which organisms adapt to constant stimulation
- association
- process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked so that we bein to connect them in our minds
- conditioning
- a form of associative learning in which behaviors are triggered by associations with events in the enviornment
- classical conditioning
- form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic inborn response
- conditioned stimulus - CS
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a previously neutral input that an organism learns to associate with the UCS
-bell - conditioned response - CR
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a behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with CS
- salivation - what are two of the most fundamental criteria for stimulus - response conditioning to succeed?
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1. multiple pairings of UCS and CS are necessary for an association to occur and for the CS to produce the conditioned response
2. The UCS and CS must be paired or presented very close together in time in order for association to form - stimulus generalization
- extensions of the association between UCS and CS to include a broad array of similar stimuli
- stimulus discrimination
- restriction of a CR to the exact CS to which it was conditioned
- extinction
- the weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response, which occurs when the UCS is no longer paired with the CS
- who was responsible for the "Litter Albert" experiment?
- John Watson
- negative reinforcement
- removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior
- continuous reinforcement
- reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs
- fixed ratio schedule
- pattern or intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement follows a set number of responses
- variable ratio schedule
- pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes
- fixed interval schedule
- pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are always reinforced after a set period of time has passed
- variable interval schedule
- pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed
- latent learning
- learning that occurs int eh absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs
- conditioned taste aversion
- the learned avoidance of a particular taste or food
- enactive learning
- learning by doing
- observational learning
- learning by watching the behavior of others
- social learning theory
- a description of the kind of learning that occurs when we model or imitate the behavior of others
- modeling
- the imitation of behaviors performed by others
- imprinting
- the rapid and inate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth
- ethology
- the scientific study of animal behavior
- human language
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a communication system specific to homos sapieans
open and symbolic, has rules of grammar and allows its usesrs to express abstract and distant ideas - syntax
- the rules for arranging words and symbols to form sentences or parts of sentences in a particular language
- babbling
- sounds made as results of the infants experimentation with a complex range of phonemes, which include consonants, as well as vowels
- when does babbling start
- around 5 -6 months
- one-word utterances
- single words such as mama, dada, more, no
- when do one-word utterances occur?
- around 12 months of age
- two -word utterances
- phrases children put together
- when do two-word utterances occur?
- around 18 months
- sentence phase
- stage when children being speaking in fully grammatical sentences
- when is the sentence phase?
- around age 2 1/2- 3
- when is the sensitivity period for language acquisition?
- in the first years of life until about age 12
- child-directed speech
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changes in adult speech patterns - apparently universal - when speaking to young children or infants
characterized by high pitched voice volume, use of simpler sentences, emphasis on the here and now and use of emotion to communicate messages - nativist view of language
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the idea that we discover language rather than learn it
that language development is inborn - whorf-sapir hypothesis
- language creates thought as much as thought creates language
- linguistic determinism hypothesis
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the proposition that our language determines our way of thinking and our perception of the world
view taken by Sapir and Whorf - idioms
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expressions unique to a particular language
usually their meaning cannot be determined by decoding the individual meanings of the words - availability heuristic
- a device we use to make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness
- heuristics
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mental shortcuts
methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgements - represntative-ness heuristic
- a strategy we use to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event
- scientific thinking
- process using the cognitive skills required to generate, test and revise theories
- critical thinking
- process by which one analyzes, evaluates, and forms ideas
- casual inferences
- judgments about causation of one thing by another
- deductive reasoning
- reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions
- inductive reasoning
- reasoning to general conclusions from specific evidence
- concept
- a mental grouping of objects, events or people
- concept hierarchy
- arrangement of related concepts in a particular way, with some being general and others specific
- mental rotation
- process of imagining an object turning in three-dimensional space
- cognition
- mental processes involved in acquiring, processing and sorting knowldge
- cognitive psychology
- the science of how people think, learn, remember and perceive
- mental representation
- a structure in our mind-such as an idea or image- that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present
- visual imagery
- visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present