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Linguistics final

Terms

undefined, object
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How are humans uniquely adapted for language?
elongated larynx. creation of pharynx. Small mouth. intricate lips. lateralized brain.
displacement
The ability to discuss abstract concepts and times.
arbitrariness
Words do not "fit" the objects they denote.
productivity
the ability to produce new expressions and new sentences with already available linguistic resources
cultural transmission
the process by which language is passed on from one generation to the next.
duality
Phonetics/Semantics. The ability to produce distinct sounds and create distinct meanings
pictogram
picture writing. symbol represents the item. 1:1 ratio
ideogram
representing the idea of the item, and things associated with it. i.e. sun-warmth
logograph
relationship between written form and object is arbitratry. The symbol now has a sound.
syllabic writing
when a symbol represents a syllable
alphabetic writing
when a symbol represents a single sound
phoneme
abstract mental category for a group of similar sounds. Changing a phoneme changes a word.
assimilation
when sounds adapt one another. he can go becomes hecango
elision
dropping sounds in a word. i.e. saying six when meaning sixths. dropping ths
coinage
When a completely
phonotactics
the restrictions of a language
blending
the combination of terms to produce a single term. i.e. smoke and fog-smog
borrowing
taking a word from another language
compounding
joining of two separate words to create a word. ie fingerprint, sunspot
clipping
reduction to create new words. ie ad-advertise-fan-fanatic
backformation
when a word is reduced to form another word. emote-emotion-opt-option
conversion
change in function. ie verbing a noun. ie buttering toast, papering the wall
derivation
adding affixes to words. ie terrorism, disrespectful
morpheme
smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. ly, ceive, re, duce
allomorphy
variance in a morpheme. Aspiration
derivational-inflecttional
derivational produces new words with meaning, ie goodness. inflectional are used to indicate aspects of grammer ie possesion
deep structure-surface structure
Whereas deep structure will have the express intended meaning, surface is variance and order
conceptiual vs associative meaning
the concrete descriptors of a word, needle-sharp pointy, metal, and the words associated with it ie painful,
feature analysis
determining what features of a word allow it to function syntactically
semantic roles
the roles words adapt in the syntax of sentences, the agents, the instruments, and the theme. experiencer, source, location, goal.
antonymy
words with opposite meaning
hyponymy
the meaning of a word encompassing another. All poodles are dogs, but not all dogs are poodles
homonymy
When two words that are pronounced the same have differing meanings. the wind blew, wind the crank.
polysemy
metaphor. When the same word can carry different meaning. Your head, the head of a beer.
folk etymology
When people hear a word that doesn't make sense, so they change it. ie asparagus to sparrow grass
pragmatics
how language exists, grows, once it leaves the speakers mouth
deixis
words used to determine time, person or spacial meaning.
coherence
what makes a text semantically meaningful.
cohesion
the elements that make a discourse coherent
hedges
"you know, like" buffering out your speech
scripts
the neccesary events we assume will happen in an event. dynamic schema
schema
built in knowledge/assumptions about everday life. ie the supermarket, the store,
implicature
implied meaning in a phrase, "you know, you know!?"
dichotic listening
determination that language functions are determined in the left hemisphere
broca's area
anterior speech cortex, producing speech
wernicke's area
posterior speech cortex comprehending speech
arcuate fasciculus
connects wernickes and brocas areas
wernicke's aphasia
difficulties in hearing, comprehension
broca's aphasia
difficulties with speaking.
conduction aphasia
disrupted rythem, and difficulty repeating words
agrammatic
grammatical markers are missing, broca's aphasia
anomia
difficulty in finding the right words, warnicke's aphasia
acquisition of language
cooing, babbling, one word, two word.
grammer translation
memorizing rules for the written form of a language
audiolinguial method
systematic presentation and repetition of simple to complex structures
transfer
the misguided process of carrying over expressions or structures from l1 to l2
interlanguage
the inbetween language a learner has between l1 and l2
a.s.l parameters
shape, orientation, movement, location.
comparative method
reconstructed a language by comparing different descended languages
genetic model
model where the relationships between languages is drawn up
external change, internal change
viking invasion, norman invasion, printing press; case language, inflected language
metathesis
reversal in position of two adjoining sounds. hros-horse, acsian ask
epenthesis
addition of sound to the middle of a word, aemtig empty, timr, timber
prothesis
addition of sound to the beginning of a word. schola, escuela
semantic broadening vs narrowing
broadening; giving a word more meaning, from dog a breed to dog describing all breeds. narrowing. the reverse, hund to hound
dialect continuum
variations over regions, i-80
post creole continuim
the variations of creoles
social markers
age, sex, gender class, race
linguistic determinism
language determines thought
sapir-whorf
we dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages
slobin's thinking for speaking
learning a language requires language specific modes of thought

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