Chapter Nine Motivation, Emotion, and Human Sexuality
Terms
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- motives
- Needs or desires that energize and direct behavior toward a goal.
- motivation
- All the processes that initate, direct, and sustain behavior.
- intrisic motivation
- The desire to behave in a certain way because it is enjoyable or satisfying in and of itself.
- incentive
- An external stimulus that motivates behavior (for example, money or fame)
- extrinsic motivation
- The desire to behave in a certain way in order to gain some external reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence.
- drive-reduction theory
- A theory of motivation suggesting that biological needs create internal states of tension or arousal-called drives-which organisms are motivated to reduce.
- drive
- An internal state of tension or arousal that is brought about by an underlying need and that an organism is motivated to reduce.
- homeostasis
- The natural tendency of the body to maintain a balanced internal state in order to ensure physical survival.
- arousal
- A state of alertness and mental and physical activation.
- arousal theory
- A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.
- stimulus motives
- Motives that cause humans and other animals to increase stimulation when the level of arousal is too low (examples are curiosity and the motive to explore).
- Yerkes- Dodson Law
- The principle that performance on tasks is best when the arousal level is appropriate to the difficulty of the task: higher arousal for simple tasks, moderate arousal for tasks of moderate difficulty, and lower arousal for complex tasks.
- Need for Self Actualization
- Need to realize one's fullest potential.
- Esteem Needs
- Needs to achieve, to gain competence, to gain respect and recognition from others.
- Belonging and Love Needs
- Need to love and be loved; need to affiliate with others and be accepted
- Safety Needs
- Need for safety and security.
- Physiological Needs
- Need to satisfy the basic biological needs for food, water, oxygen, sleep, and elimination of bodily wastes.
- Need for achievement (n Ach)
- The need to accomplish something difficult and to perform at a high standard of excellence.
- goal orientation theory
- The view that achievement motivation depends on which of four goal orientations (mastery approach, mastery avoidance, performance approach, performance avoidance) an indvidual adopts.
- mastery approach orientation
- Study and engage in others behaviors so as to increase their knowledge and overcome challenges.
- astery avoidance orientation
- Exhibit whatever behaviors are neccessary to avoid failing to learn.
- performance avoidance orientation
- Measure their performance against that of other students and are motivated to work to the point where they are least equal to their peers.
- performance approach orientation
- Try to surpass the performance of their peers in an attempt to enhance their own sense of self worth.
- basic emotions
- Emotions that are unlearned and universal, that are reflected in the same facial expressions across cultures, and that emerge in children according to their biological timetable of development; fear, anger, digust, suprise, happiness, and sadness.
- display rules
- Cultural rules that dictate how emotions should generally be expressed and when and where their expression is appropriate.
- facial-feedback hypothesis
- The idea that the muscular movements involved in certain facil expressions produce the corresponding emotions (smiling makes someone fell happy).
- emotional intelligence
- The ability to apply knowledge about emotions to everday life.
- parental investment
- A term used by evolutionary psychologists to denote the amount of time and effort men or women must devote to parenthood.
- sexual response cycle
- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
- sexual orientation
- The direction of one's sexual preference- toward members of the opposite sex or toward ones own, or both