Anth201 Exam 3
Terms
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- Key components of language
- 1) used to communicate 2) learned & shared 3) consists of arbitrary symbols
- universal aspects
- 1) all languages are equal 2) all languages are conventional 3) all languages change through time 4) all languages share a standard array of utterance types
- sex differences in communication
- women are better at identifying loved ones by their smell and at transmitting and receiving information through facial expressions
- paradoxical aspects of language
- 1) language is primary barrier to communication 2) linguistic competence is often very difficult
- design features
- 1) arbitariness 2) displacement 3) openness 4) prevarication 5) semanticity
- arbitariness
- meanse that there is seldom a link between a symbol and a meaning in human language
- displacement
- means referring to things that are not present, such as things that are happening elsewhere, that happened in the past, or that will happen in the future
- openness
- means that as long as individual words are familiar to a listener, any combination, even if never before heard, can be understood
- semanticity
- refers to the association of linguistic signals with aspects of the social, cultural and physical worlds of a speech community
- Cultural Anthropology
- the attempt to document the diversity of human cultures and explain why this diversity exists.
- subsistence patterns
- 1) food collection 2) food production
- foraging
- Inuit, Okiek, Ainu, Australian Aborigines
- food production
- dometication first began about 10,000 years ago
- pastoralism
- herding
- horticulture (extensicve agriculture)
- growing crops without the aid of irrigation, or animals/machines for plowing
- intensive agriculture
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- Melanesians
- dive from platforms to insure a good yam harvest
- the Khmer kings
- built Angkor Wat based on a system of intensive agriculture
- the market
- developed in societies that use intensive agriculture
- Nature of Culture Video Q1
- culture is the primary cause of human diversity
- ethnocentrism
- the belief in the righteousness of your own ways- that your own ways are best while the ways of others are inferior
- Unilocal
- rules of postmarital residence
- Patrilocality
- rule when couple marries, they move into the husbands community
- Matrilocality
- rule when couple marries, they move into the wifes community
- genitor
- biological father
- pater
- socially recognized father
- Exogamy
- the practice of seeking a mate outside one's own group, to link people into a wider social network that nurtues, helps, and protects them in times of need
- Endogamy
- dictate mating or marriage within a group to which one belongs
- bridewealth
- a customary gift, before, at, or after the marraige fomr the husband and his kin to the wife & her kin
- progeny price
- the children are permanetly transferred to the husbands group
- dowry
- where the wife's group provides substantail gifts to the husbands family
- polygamy
- 1) polygny 2) polyandry
- polygny
- man has more than 1 wife
- polyandry
- woman has more than 1 husband
- sororate
- replacement of the wife by her sister if she dies
- levirate
- replacement of the husband by his brother if he dies
- descent group
- a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry: fundamental to tribe soceity
- family of oreintation
- nuclear family in which one is born and grows up
- family of procreation
- nuclear family established when one marries and has kids
- kinship
- has 3 main concepts anth refer to 1) descent 2) marraige pattern 3) nurturance
- descent
- the circumstantes of your birth, the parent-child relationship
- marriage pattern
- the way in which a socially sanctioned union between a man and woman confers
- nuturnace
- who raises the children
- Most basic division of kinship systems
- 1) bilateral descent systems 2) unilateral descent systems
- bilateral descent systems
- where people trace their ancestry through both their father and mother
- unilateral descent systems
- where people reckon who they are related to only through their father partilineal descent or their mother matrilineal descent
- bilateral descent subcateorgies
- 1( bilateral descent groups 2) bilateral kindred
- bilateral descent groups
- in these groups people claim to be ralted to each other through ties either from the mother's side or the fahter's side to a common ancestor
- bilateral kindred
- in these groups people discern relationships to other people they call relatives through both theu parents family's
- matriarchy
- where women control the society
- Six kinship terminologies
- 1) Sudanese 2) Crow 3) Hawaiian 4) Omaha 5) Eskimo 6) Iroquios
- The six kinship terms were determined by 7 criteria
- 1) generation 2) sex 3) affinity 4) collaterality 5) bifaraction 6) relative age 7) sex of linking relatives
- generation
- people from the same generation
- sex
- biologically determined
- affinity
- blood realted??
- collaterality
- refers to if one is one the direct line of descent or off on a side branch
- bifarcation
- when the use of different terms for the mother's side or the father's side of the family are used
- relative age
- VERY IMPORTANT: one disguishes in a formal way, between older and younger brothers
- sex of linking relatives
- to establish whether a relative is parallel or cross.
- Two branches of intensive agriculture
- 1) shifing horitculture 2) long-growing tree crops
- enculturation
- the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations
- band
- basic unit of social organizations among foragers. Fewer than 100 people and they move according to the seasons
- tribe
- form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism
- chiefdom
- form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state
- state
- complez sociopolitical system that administers a territory and populace with substantial contrasts in occupation, wealth, prestige, and power.